{"id":311,"date":"2011-01-25T15:14:00","date_gmt":"2011-01-25T14:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/satellites\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:26:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:26:43","slug":"satellites","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/satellites\/","title":{"rendered":"Sateli\u021bi"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u00cen astronomie, un satelit este un obiect care orbiteaz\u0103 (se \u00eenv\u00e2rte \u00een jurul) unei planete. \u00cen Sistemul nostru Solar exist\u0103 c\u00e2teva sute de sateli\u021bi naturali, sau luni. De asemenea, \u00eencep\u00e2nd din 1957 au fost lansa\u021bi mii de sateli\u021bi artificiali (crea\u021bi de om). Ace\u0219tia au numeroase utiliz\u0103ri, printre care fotografierea Soarelui, a P\u0103m\u00e2ntului \u0219i a altor planete, precum \u0219i observarea \u00een ad\u00e2ncul spa\u021biului a g\u0103urilor negre, a stelelor \u00eendep\u0103rtate \u0219i a galaxiilor. Exist\u0103, de asemenea, sateli\u021bi de comunica\u021bii, sateli\u021bi meteorologici \u0219i Sta\u021bia Spa\u021bial\u0103 Interna\u021bional\u0103.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Primul satelit artificial, Sputnik 1, a fost lansat \u00een 1957. Era foarte simplu. O mic\u0103 bil\u0103 de aluminiu, de m\u0103rimea unei mingi de plaj\u0103, cu patru antene lungi, alimentat\u0103 de baterii. \u00cen interiorul lui Sputnik se aflau emi\u021b\u0103toare radio care transmiteau un sunet distinctiv, \u201ebip, bip\u201d, care a fost auzit \u00een \u00eentreaga lume. Lansarea acestui satelit mic \u0219i simplu a marcat \u00eenceputul erei spa\u021biale.<\/p>\n

Sateli\u021bii moderni sunt mult mai complexi. Majoritatea sateli\u021bilor sunt proiecta\u021bi s\u0103 fie c\u00e2t mai rezisten\u021bi \u0219i mai u\u0219ori posibil. Ace\u0219tia sunt construi\u021bi dup\u0103 acela\u0219i model de baz\u0103. O platform\u0103 numit\u0103 \u201ebus\u201d con\u021bine toate sistemele principale, inclusiv bateriile, computerul \u0219i propulsoarele. La aceast\u0103 platform\u0103 sunt ata\u0219ate antene, panouri solare \u0219i instrumente de \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tur\u0103 util\u0103 (cum ar fi camere, telescoape \u0219i echipamente de comunica\u021bii).<\/p>\n

Sateli\u021bii trebuie s\u0103 se alimenteze singuri cu energie. Acest lucru se realizeaz\u0103, de obicei, prin utilizarea unor panouri solare de mari dimensiuni (aripi) acoperite cu celule solare fotosensibile. Panourile au o lungime de mai mul\u021bi metri \u0219i trebuie pliate \u00een timpul lans\u0103rii. Celulele solare furnizeaz\u0103 c\u00e2\u021biva kilowa\u021bi de energie, de\u0219i eficien\u021ba lor scade odat\u0103 cu trecerea timpului. Majoritatea panourilor pot fi orientate astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 capteze c\u00e2t mai mult\u0103 lumin\u0103 solar\u0103 posibil. C\u00e2nd satelitul intr\u0103 \u00een umbr\u0103, \u00ee\u0219i ob\u021bine energia din baterii re\u00eenc\u0103rcabile.<\/p>\n

Partea unui satelit orientat\u0103 spre Soare se \u00eenc\u0103lze\u0219te foarte tare, \u00een timp ce partea aflat\u0103 la umbr\u0103 devine foarte rece. Aceasta reprezint\u0103 o problem\u0103, deoarece majoritatea echipamentelor satelitului sunt sensibile la c\u0103ldur\u0103 sau frig extrem. Printre metodele de protec\u021bie a instrumentelor se num\u0103r\u0103 utilizarea unor p\u0103turi stratificate, care arat\u0103 ca folia de aluminiu, pentru a re\u021bine c\u0103ldura, precum \u0219i instalarea unor radiatoare pentru a disipa c\u0103ldura generat\u0103 de echipamentele electrice.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In astronomy, a satellite is an object that orbits (goes around) a planet. There are several hundred natural satellites, or moons, in our Solar System. Thousands of artificial (human-made) satellites […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2002\/02\/esa_s_artemis_satellite2\/17863937-3-eng-GB\/ESA_s_Artemis_satellite.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA\/J.Huart","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2002\/02\/ESA_s_Artemis_satellite2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,54,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-311","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-space-technologies-on-earth","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1454,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311\/revisions\/1454"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}