{"id":931,"date":"2004-11-15T14:32:00","date_gmt":"2004-11-15T13:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/dwarfs_and_supergiants\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:33:54","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:33:54","slug":"dwarfs_and_supergiants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/dwarfs_and_supergiants\/","title":{"rendered":"Kar\u0142y i nadolbrzymy"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

S\u0142o\u0144ce to gwiazda. Podobnie jak wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 gwiazd, S\u0142o\u0144ce jest kul\u0105 bardzo gor\u0105cego gazu, kt\u00f3ra emituje ogromne ilo\u015bci \u015bwiat\u0142a, ciep\u0142a i innego promieniowania. Promieniowanie to powstaje w wyniku reakcji j\u0105drowych zachodz\u0105cych w j\u0105drze S\u0142o\u0144ca. To tak, jakby co sekund\u0119 wybucha\u0142y miliony bomb wodorowych.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Istnieje wiele r\u00f3\u017cnych rodzaj\u00f3w gwiazd. Najch\u0142odniejsze s\u0105 gwiazdy czerwone, kt\u00f3rych temperatura powierzchni wynosi oko\u0142o 2500 stopni Celsjusza. Najgor\u0119tsze s\u0105 gwiazdy niebiesko-bia\u0142e, osi\u0105gaj\u0105ce temperatur\u0119 si\u0119gaj\u0105c\u0105 a\u017c
40 000 stopni. \u017b\u00f3\u0142te gwiazdy, takie jak S\u0142o\u0144ce, plasuj\u0105 si\u0119 pomi\u0119dzy nimi, a ich temperatura powierzchni wynosi oko\u0142o 5500 stopni.<\/p>\n

Gwiazdy maj\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cne rozmiary. S\u0142o\u0144ce jest \u015bredniej wielko\u015bci. Spala swoje paliwo wodorowe do\u015b\u0107 powoli, dzi\u0119ki czemu mo\u017ce \u015bwieci\u0107 przez 10 miliard\u00f3w lat. Niekt\u00f3re gwiazdy s\u0105 znacznie wi\u0119ksze i gor\u0119tsze od S\u0142o\u0144ca. Czerwony nadolbrzym Antares ma \u015brednic\u0119 800 razy wi\u0119ksz\u0105 ni\u017c S\u0142o\u0144ce. Gdyby znajdowa\u0142a si\u0119 w centrum naszego Uk\u0142adu S\u0142onecznego, poch\u0142on\u0119\u0142aby wszystkie planety wewn\u0119trzne, w tym Ziemi\u0119. Podobnie jak samochody o wysokim zu\u017cyciu paliwa, te supergiganty bardzo szybko zu\u017cywaj\u0105 ca\u0142e swoje zapasy wodoru i helu. Po oko\u0142o 500 milionach lat umieraj\u0105 w wyniku wybuchu supernowej.<\/p>\n

Najch\u0142odniejsze i najwolniej spalaj\u0105ce si\u0119 gwiazdy to czerwone kar\u0142y. Mog\u0105 one istnie\u0107 przez ponad 10 bilion\u00f3w (10 000 miliard\u00f3w) lat. Jeszcze ch\u0142odniejsze i mniejsze s\u0105 br\u0105zowe kar\u0142y. S\u0105 to \u2018nieudane gwiazdy\u2019. S\u0105 tak ch\u0142odne \u2013 czasami temperatura na ich powierzchni wynosi zaledwie kilkaset stopni \u2013 \u017ce ich j\u0105drowe piece nigdy nie zaczynaj\u0105 si\u0119 rozpala\u0107.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Sun is a star. Like most stars, the Sun is a ball of very hot gas that gives off huge amounts of light, heat and other radiation. This radiation […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2000\/09\/the_tycho_supernova2\/17865860-3-eng-GB\/The_Tycho_supernova.jpg","esa_banner_description":"The Tycho supernova","esa_banner_credit":"ESA","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2000\/09\/The_Tycho_supernova2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,11,21],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-931","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-our-universe","category-stars-and-galaxies","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/931","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=931"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/931\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2074,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/931\/revisions\/2074"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=931"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=931"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}