{"id":841,"date":"2004-12-02T15:46:00","date_gmt":"2004-12-02T14:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/expendable_or_reusable\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:32:53","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:32:53","slug":"expendable_or_reusable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/expendable_or_reusable\/","title":{"rendered":"Jednorazowe czy wielokrotnego u\u017cytku?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Za ka\u017cdym razem, gdy europejska rakieta Ariane 5 startuje z Kourou, jej stopnie rakietowe spadaj\u0105 do oceanu lub ulegaj\u0105 spaleniu w atmosferze. Rakiety no\u015bne takie jak Ariane 5 okre\u015bla si\u0119 mianem \u2018jednorazowych\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Wyrzucanie rakiety po ka\u017cdym starcie wydaje si\u0119 marnotrawstwem i generuje wysokie koszty. Jednak dzi\u0119ki seryjnej produkcji rakiet udaje si\u0119 ograniczy\u0107 koszty. S\u0105 one budowane na liniach monta\u017cowych \u2013 podobnie jak drogie samochody.<\/p>\n

Rakiety jednorazowego u\u017cytku r\u00f3wnie\u017c mog\u0105 by\u0107 bardzo niezawodne. Je\u015bli jedna z nich ulegnie awarii podczas startu, do\u015b\u0107 \u0142atwo jest ustali\u0107, co posz\u0142o nie tak, i to naprawi\u0107.<\/p>\n

Innym podej\u015bciem jest skonstruowanie rakiety no\u015bnej wielokrotnego u\u017cytku. Jak dot\u0105d jedyn\u0105 tego typu rakiet\u0105 w u\u017cyciu by\u0142 ameryka\u0144ski prom kosmiczny.<\/p>\n

Wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 element\u00f3w orbiteru promu kosmicznego zosta\u0142a zaprojektowana tak, by mog\u0142a wykona\u0107 do 100 lot\u00f3w. W razie potrzeby mo\u017cna r\u00f3wnie\u017c ponownie wykorzysta\u0107 rakiety no\u015bne na paliwo sta\u0142e promu. Jedynie zewn\u0119trzny zbiornik paliwa jest za ka\u017cdym razem wyrzucany.<\/p>\n

Jednak budowa i eksploatacja promu kosmicznego s\u0105 bardzo kosztowne. Wynika to g\u0142\u00f3wnie z faktu, \u017ce statek ten zosta\u0142 zaprojektowany do przewo\u017cenia maksymalnie siedmiu cz\u0142onk\u00f3w za\u0142ogi. Musi on r\u00f3wnie\u017c wytrzyma\u0107 ekstremalne temperatury podczas powrotu w atmosfer\u0119 i l\u0105dowa\u0107 na pasie startowym. Nie planuje si\u0119 wprowadzenia \u017cadnych innych no\u015bnik\u00f3w wielokrotnego u\u017cytku, cho\u0107 badania nad takimi pojazdami s\u0105 nadal prowadzone.<\/p>\n

ESA dok\u0142adnie przeanalizuje oba podej\u015bcia, aby ostatecznie podj\u0105\u0107 decyzj\u0119 dotycz\u0105c\u0105 tego, w jaki spos\u00f3b zast\u0105pi\u0107 rakiet\u0119 Ariane 5.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Every time Europe\u2019s Ariane 5 lifts off from Kourou, its rocket stages fall into the ocean or burn up in the atmosphere. Launchers such as Ariane 5 are said to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2000\/08\/atmospheric_re-entry_demonstrator_-_artist_s_impression2\/17866009-3-eng-GB\/Atmospheric_Re-entry_Demonstrator_-_artist_s_impression.jpg","esa_banner_description":"Atmospheric Re-entry Demonstrator - artist's impression","esa_banner_credit":"ESA - D.Ducros","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2000\/08\/Atmospheric_Re-entry_Demonstrator_-_artist_s_impression2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,41,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-rockets-technology","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/841","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=841"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/841\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1984,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/841\/revisions\/1984"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=841"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=841"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=841"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=841"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=841"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=841"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=841"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=841"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=841"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=841"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}