{"id":831,"date":"2004-12-02T15:33:00","date_gmt":"2004-12-02T14:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/all_shapes_and_sizes\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:32:46","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:32:46","slug":"all_shapes_and_sizes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/all_shapes_and_sizes\/","title":{"rendered":"Wszystkie kszta\u0142ty i rozmiary"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Statek kosmiczny to urz\u0105dzenie przeznaczone do wys\u0142ania w przestrze\u0144 kosmiczn\u0105. Mo\u017ce on s\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 do obserwacji Ziemi, komunikacji, nawigacji oraz eksploracji kosmosu. Istniej\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c statki kosmiczne, kt\u00f3re przewo\u017c\u0105 ludzi w przestrze\u0144 kosmiczn\u0105 \u2013 nazywane s\u0105 one \u2018statkami za\u0142ogowymi\u2019 \u2013 oraz takie, kt\u00f3re dostarczaj\u0105 zaopatrzenie do stacji kosmicznych.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Poniewa\u017c w przestrzeni kosmicznej nie ma powietrza, statek kosmiczny mo\u017ce mie\u0107 praktycznie dowolny kszta\u0142t. Wi\u0119kszym problemem s\u0105 jego rozmiary. Statek kosmiczny musi zmie\u015bci\u0107 si\u0119 w os\u0142onie rakiety, a rakieta musi mie\u0107 wystarczaj\u0105c\u0105 moc, aby wynie\u015b\u0107 go na orbit\u0119. Pierwszy na \u015bwiecie satelita, nazwany Sputnik, wa\u017cy\u0142 83,6 kg i nie by\u0142 wi\u0119kszy od pi\u0142ki do koszyk\u00f3wki. Obecnie satelity komunikacyjne mog\u0105 wa\u017cy\u0107 ponad 6 ton (6000 kg).<\/p>\n

Modu\u0142y wykorzystywane do budowy stacji kosmicznych s\u0105 jeszcze wi\u0119ksze. 20-tonowy pojazd ATV (Automated Transfer Vehicle) nale\u017c\u0105cy do ESA mo\u017ce przetransportowa\u0107 na Mi\u0119dzynarodow\u0105 Stacj\u0119 Kosmiczn\u0105 do 9 ton \u0142adunku i sprz\u0119tu eksperymentalnego.<\/p>\n

Kszta\u0142t statku kosmicznego zale\u017cy g\u0142\u00f3wnie od tego, czy obraca si\u0119 on w przestrzeni kosmicznej, czy nie.<\/p>\n

Niekt\u00f3re satelity, takie jak Meteosat, obracaj\u0105 si\u0119 i maj\u0105 kszta\u0142t b\u0119bna. Wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych satelit\u00f3w ma kszta\u0142t prostok\u0105ta i nie obraca si\u0119. Ich przyrz\u0105dy pok\u0142adowe, takie jak kamery, przez wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 czasu s\u0105 skierowane w tym samym kierunku.<\/p>\n

Niekt\u00f3re z nich s\u0105 wyposa\u017cone w du\u017ce \u2018skrzyd\u0142a\u2019 s\u0142oneczne (panele s\u0142oneczne, kt\u00f3re przekszta\u0142caj\u0105 \u015bwiat\u0142o s\u0142oneczne w energi\u0119 elektryczn\u0105), kt\u00f3re obracaj\u0105 si\u0119 tak, by zawsze by\u0142y skierowane w stron\u0119 S\u0142o\u0144ca. Ma\u0142e satelity cz\u0119sto maj\u0105 p\u0142askie panele s\u0142oneczne umieszczone z czterech stron.<\/p>\n

L\u0105downiki s\u0105 inne. Musz\u0105 wytrzyma\u0107 ekstremalne temperatury podczas szybkiego opadania w powietrzu. Na przyk\u0142ad sonda Huygens nale\u017c\u0105ca do ESA, kt\u00f3ra wyl\u0105dowa\u0142a na Tytanie, mia\u0142a kszta\u0142t spodka z os\u0142on\u0105 termiczn\u0105 skierowan\u0105 do przodu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A spacecraft is a machine designed to be put into space. They can be used for observing the Earth, communication, navigation and space exploration. There are also spacecraft that carry […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2003\/12\/the_atv_and_progress_spacecraft_use_solar_arrays_the_apollo_spacecraft_makes_use_of_fuel_cells2\/18248696-2-eng-GB\/The_ATV_and_Progress_spacecraft_use_solar_arrays_the_Apollo_spacecraft_makes_use_of_fuel_cells.jpg","esa_banner_description":"The ATV and Progress spacecraft use solar arrays, the Apollo spacecraft makes use of fuel cells","esa_banner_credit":"ESA\/D.Ducros","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2003\/12\/The_ATV_and_Progress_spacecraft_use_solar_arrays_the_Apollo_spacecraft_makes_use_of_fuel_cells2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,44,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-spacecraft","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/831","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=831"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/831\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1974,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/831\/revisions\/1974"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=831"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=831"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}