{"id":822,"date":"2004-12-02T15:38:00","date_gmt":"2004-12-02T14:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/different_orbits\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:32:40","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:32:40","slug":"different_orbits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/different_orbits\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00f3\u017cne orbity"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Orbita to tor ruchu cia\u0142a wok\u00f3\u0142 okre\u015blonego punktu w przestrzeni kosmicznej, na przyk\u0142ad tor, po kt\u00f3rym Ksi\u0119\u017cyc kr\u0105\u017cy wok\u00f3\u0142 Ziemi. Orbity s\u0105 wyznaczane przez grawitacj\u0119 i cz\u0119sto maj\u0105 kszta\u0142t \u2018eliptyczny\u2019, czyli owalny.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Ka\u017cdy satelita jest umieszczany na orbicie najlepiej dostosowanej do realizacji jego misji. Na przyk\u0142ad satelity do obserwacji Ziemi s\u0105 zazwyczaj umieszczane na niskich (400\u20131 200 km) orbitach ko\u0142owych. Dzi\u0119ki temu mog\u0105 okr\u0105\u017ca\u0107 Ziemi\u0119 raz na kilka godzin i uzyskiwa\u0107 szczeg\u00f3\u0142owe obrazy powierzchni planety.<\/p>\n

Najlepsz\u0105 trajektori\u0105 dla tych satelit\u00f3w jest orbita \u201cpolarna\u201d, kt\u00f3ra prowadzi je nad biegunem p\u00f3\u0142nocnym i po\u0142udniowym. Gdy Ziemia obraca si\u0119 pod nimi, satelity mog\u0105 patrze\u0107 prosto w d\u00f3\u0142 i bada\u0107 ca\u0142\u0105 planet\u0119 \u2013 pas po pasie \u2013 w ci\u0105gu kilku dni.<\/p>\n

Satelity meteorologiczne i telekomunikacyjne cz\u0119sto \u201ckr\u0105\u017c\u0105\u201d nad t\u0105 sam\u0105 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 Ziemi przez ca\u0142\u0105 dob\u0119. Jest to mo\u017cliwe dzi\u0119ki umieszczeniu ich na orbitach ko\u0142owych na wysoko\u015bci oko\u0142o 36 000 km nad r\u00f3wnikiem. Na tej wysoko\u015bci satelity poruszaj\u0105 si\u0119 z pr\u0119dko\u015bci\u0105 r\u00f3wn\u0105 pr\u0119dko\u015bci obrotowej Ziemi, dzi\u0119ki czemu zawsze obserwuj\u0105 te same miejsca. Nazywa si\u0119 to \u201corbit\u0105 geostacjonarn\u0105\u201d. Niekt\u00f3re satelity \u2013 w tym Mi\u0119dzynarodowa Stacja Kosmiczna \u2013 poruszaj\u0105 si\u0119 po niskich orbitach nachylonych wzgl\u0119dem r\u00f3wnika.<\/p>\n

Wiele satelit\u00f3w naukowych, takich jak \u201eCluster\u201d i \u201eXMM-Newton\u201d nale\u017c\u0105ce do ESA, porusza si\u0119 po bardzo eliptycznych (w kszta\u0142cie jajka) orbitach, kt\u00f3re najpierw zbli\u017caj\u0105 je do Ziemi, a nast\u0119pnie oddalaj\u0105 od niej.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

An orbit is the path of an object around a particular point in space, for example the path the Moon takes around the Earth. Orbits are determined by gravity, and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2001\/05\/some_popular_orbits3\/17864898-3-eng-GB\/Some_popular_orbits.jpg","esa_banner_description":"Some popular orbits","esa_banner_credit":"ESA","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2001\/05\/Some_popular_orbits3","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,65,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-822","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-mission-control","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/822","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=822"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/822\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1965,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/822\/revisions\/1965"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=822"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=822"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=822"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=822"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=822"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=822"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=822"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=822"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=822"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=822"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}