{"id":805,"date":"2011-07-05T08:12:00","date_gmt":"2011-07-05T06:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/communications\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:32:27","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:32:27","slug":"communications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/communications\/","title":{"rendered":"Komunikacja"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Fani serialu telewizyjnego z lat 60. Star Trek<\/i> byli zdumieni, gdy zobaczyli, jak kapitan Kirk rozk\u0142ada ma\u0142y telefon kom\u00f3rkowy, by porozmawia\u0107 z za\u0142og\u0105 swojego statku kosmicznego. Dzisiaj telefony kom\u00f3rkowe nie s\u0105 ju\u017c elementem science fiction. Gdziekolwiek si\u0119 udamy na Ziemi, od region\u00f3w polarnych po \u015brodek oceanu, mo\u017cemy pozostawa\u0107 w kontakcie telefonicznym. Najnowsze modele umo\u017cliwiaj\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c wysy\u0142anie e-maili i korzystanie z internetu.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Ta rewolucja w dziedzinie \u0142\u0105czno\u015bci sta\u0142a si\u0119 mo\u017cliwa dzi\u0119ki wprowadzeniu technologii satelitarnej. Do po\u0142owy lat 60. XX wieku po\u0142\u0105czenia telefoniczne by\u0142y realizowane za po\u015brednictwem naziemnych \u0142\u0105czy radiowych i kabli. Istnia\u0142y jednak ograniczenia co do liczby po\u0142\u0105cze\u0144, kt\u00f3re mo\u017cna by\u0142o obs\u0142u\u017cy\u0107.<\/p>\n

Potem pojawi\u0142y si\u0119 pierwsze satelity komunikacyjne. Kr\u0105\u017c\u0105c po orbicie geostacjonarnej, oko\u0142o 36 000 km nad r\u00f3wnikiem, satelity mog\u0142y dzia\u0142a\u0107 bez kosztownej sieci nadajnik\u00f3w i kabli. Z \u0142atwo\u015bci\u0105 \u0142\u0105czy\u0142y rozm\u00f3wc\u00f3w po obu stronach oceanu lub \u0142a\u0144cucha g\u00f3rskiego. Satelita \u201eEarly Bird\u201d, wystrzelony w 1965 roku, m\u00f3g\u0142 obs\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 jednocze\u015bnie 240 po\u0142\u0105cze\u0144 telefonicznych. Obecnie du\u017cy satelita telekomunikacyjny mo\u017ce obs\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 setki tysi\u0119cy po\u0142\u0105cze\u0144 telefonicznych.<\/p>\n

W ostatnich latach mia\u0142a miejsce kolejna rewolucja \u2013 wprowadzono floty ma\u0142ych satelit\u00f3w na niskie lub \u015brednie orbity oko\u0142oziemskie. Poniewa\u017c dziesi\u0105tki z nich poruszaj\u0105 si\u0119 po r\u00f3\u017cnych trajektoriach, nad horyzontem zawsze znajduje si\u0119 kilka satelit\u00f3w gotowych do odbioru po\u0142\u0105cze\u0144 z urz\u0105dze\u0144 mobilnych. Ka\u017cde po\u0142\u0105czenie jest nast\u0119pnie przesy\u0142ane do naziemnej stacji \u2018bramy\u2019, kt\u00f3ra przekazuje je do odbiorcy. Satelity te s\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c wykorzystywane do \u015bledzenia lokalizacji os\u00f3b, przesy\u0142ania wiadomo\u015bci oraz lokalizacji w sytuacjach awaryjnych.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fans of the 1960s TV series Star Trek were amazed when they saw Captain Kirk flip open a tiny hand-help phone to speak to the crew of his starship. Today, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2010\/10\/hylas-1_serving_europe2\/17876924-2-eng-GB\/Hylas-1_serving_Europe.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2010\/10\/Hylas-1_serving_Europe2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,54,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-805","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-space-technologies-on-earth","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/805","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=805"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/805\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1948,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/805\/revisions\/1948"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=805"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=805"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}