{"id":637,"date":"2013-10-16T09:57:00","date_gmt":"2013-10-16T07:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/herschel_esa_s_supercool_heat_seeker\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:30:34","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:30:34","slug":"herschel_esa_s_supercool_heat_seeker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/herschel_esa_s_supercool_heat_seeker\/","title":{"rendered":"Herschel: superch\u0142odny wykrywacz ciep\u0142a nale\u017c\u0105cy do ESA"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"lede\">\n<p>14 maja 2009 r. z Kourou w Gujanie Francuskiej wystrzelono dwa z najbardziej czu\u0142ych obserwatori\u00f3w kosmicznych, jakie kiedykolwiek zbudowano. Na pok\u0142adzie europejskiej rakiety Ariane 5 znajdowa\u0142y si\u0119: Herschel, najpot\u0119\u017cniejszy na \u015bwiecie teleskop kosmiczny wykrywaj\u0105cy promieniowanie cieplne, oraz Planck, zaprojektowany do badania s\u0142abego promieniowania, kt\u00f3re wype\u0142nia\u0142o Wszech\u015bwiat tu\u017c po Wielkim Wybuchu.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Wszystko w kosmicznym obserwatorium Herschel nale\u017c\u0105cym do ESA by\u0142o ogromne. Satelita mia\u0142 oko\u0142o 7 metr\u00f3w wysoko\u015bci i 4,3 metra szeroko\u015bci, a jego masa wynosi\u0142a 3,25 tony. Jego teleskop posiada\u0142 zwierciad\u0142o g\u0142\u00f3wne o \u015brednicy 3,5 metra \u2013 najwi\u0119ksze, jakie kiedykolwiek zbudowano dla statku kosmicznego przeznaczonego do bada\u0144 naukowych.<\/p>\n<p>Obserwatorium zosta\u0142o nazwane na cze\u015b\u0107 innego giganta nauki, niemieckiego astronoma-amatora i muzyka Williama Herschela, kt\u00f3ry w 1781 roku odkry\u0142 planet\u0119 Uran. 19 lat p\u00f3\u017aniej odkry\u0142 on r\u00f3wnie\u017c rodzaj niewidzialnego \u015bwiat\u0142a, kt\u00f3re naukowcy nazywaj\u0105 \u201cpromieniowaniem podczerwonym\u201d. Cz\u0119sto nazywamy je po prostu \u201cciep\u0142em\u201d.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" data-width=\"1500\" data-credit=\"ESA\/Herschel\/PACS\/SPIRE\/J.Fritz, U.Gent\/XMM-Newton\/EPIC\/W. Pietsch, MPE\" data-detail-url=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2011\/01\/Andromeda_Galaxy_in_infrared_and_X-rays2\" data-licence=\"ESA Standard Licence\" data-licence-url=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Terms_and_conditions_of_use_of_images_and_videos_available_on_the_esa_website\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2011\/01\/andromeda_galaxy_in_infrared_and_x-rays2\/17912481-2-eng-GB\/Andromeda_Galaxy_in_infrared_and_X-rays.jpg\" alt=\"Andromeda Galaxy in infrared and X-rays\"><\/figure>\n<p>Obserwatorium Herschel zosta\u0142o umieszczone na specjalnej orbicie w odleg\u0142o\u015bci 1,5 miliona kilometr\u00f3w \u2013 wystarczaj\u0105co daleko, by unikn\u0105\u0107 problem\u00f3w zwi\u0105zanych z zak\u0142\u00f3caniem obserwacji przez ciep\u0142o pochodz\u0105ce z Ziemi. Jego trzy instrumenty by\u0142y ch\u0142odzone ciek\u0142ym helem, dzi\u0119ki czemu ich temperatura by\u0142a bliska zeru absolutnemu (-273 \u00b0C).<\/p>\n<p>Sonda Herschel pos\u0142u\u017cy\u0142a do badania \u2018zimnego\u2019 Wszech\u015bwiata. Jej \u2018oczy\u2019 o wyj\u0105tkowo niskiej temperaturze by\u0142y w stanie dostrzec obiekty przez chmury py\u0142u, co pozwoli\u0142o na badanie obszar\u00f3w formowania si\u0119 gwiazd i centr\u00f3w galaktyk, a tak\u017ce na wykrywanie ukrytych gwiazd i planet. Sonda by\u0142a r\u00f3wnie\u017c w stanie wykrywa\u0107 odleg\u0142e galaktyki, rzucaj\u0105c nowe \u015bwiat\u0142o na proces ich powstawania miliardy lat temu.<\/p>\n<p>Prze\u0142omowa misja naukowa satelity Herschel zako\u0144czy\u0142a si\u0119 29 kwietnia 2013 r., kiedy to wyczerpa\u0142y si\u0119 zapasy helu s\u0142u\u017c\u0105cego do ch\u0142odzenia. Satelita by\u0142 jednak nadal wykorzystywany do przeprowadzania test\u00f3w orbitalnych a\u017c do momentu wys\u0142ania ostatniego polecenia wy\u0142\u0105czenia urz\u0105dzenia 17 czerwca.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On 14 May 2009, two of the most sensitive space observatories ever built were launched from Kourou in French Guiana. On board Europe\u2019s Ariane 5 rocket were Herschel, the world\u2019s [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2011\/05\/herschel_under_discussion2\/17880624-2-eng-GB\/Herschel_under_discussion.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA - C. 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