{"id":633,"date":"2004-12-02T15:58:00","date_gmt":"2004-12-02T14:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/european_rockets\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:30:31","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:30:31","slug":"european_rockets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/european_rockets\/","title":{"rendered":"Rakiety europejskie"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Rakiety s\u0142u\u017c\u0105 do wynoszenia satelit\u00f3w i prom\u00f3w kosmicznych w przestrze\u0144 kosmiczn\u0105. Ich pot\u0119\u017cne silniki pozwalaj\u0105 na wystrzelenie statk\u00f3w kosmicznych w przestrze\u0144 kosmiczn\u0105 z niesamowit\u0105 pr\u0119dko\u015bci\u0105, wprowadzaj\u0105c je na w\u0142a\u015bciw\u0105 orbit\u0119. Najwa\u017cniejsz\u0105 rodzin\u0105 rakiet w Europie jest seria Ariane. Od 1979 roku z Kourou, europejskiego kosmodromu w Gujanie Francuskiej, wystartowa\u0142o pi\u0119\u0107 g\u0142\u00f3wnych typ\u00f3w rakiet Ariane.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Podstawowa wersja rakiety Ariane-5, zwana Ariane-5 Generic, po raz pierwszy pomy\u015blnie wystartowa\u0142a w 1997 roku. Jej masa startowa wynosi\u0142a 750 ton. By\u0142a w stanie wynie\u015b\u0107 na orbit\u0119 dwa satelity o \u0142\u0105cznej masie ponad sze\u015bciu ton.<\/p>\n

Aby konkurowa\u0107 z du\u017cymi rakietami no\u015bnymi z innych kraj\u00f3w, opracowano wersje Ariane 5 o wi\u0119kszej mocy. Rakieta Ariane-5 ECA mo\u017ce wynie\u015b\u0107 na orbit\u0119 do 10 ton, a w przysz\u0142o\u015bci b\u0119dzie w stanie wynie\u015b\u0107 jeszcze wi\u0119cej. Inna wersja, zwana Ariane-5 ES, wynosi na nisk\u0105 orbit\u0119 oko\u0142oziemsk\u0105 19-tonowe zautomatyzowane pojazdy transportowe (ATV) na pocz\u0105tku ich podr\u00f3\u017cy do Mi\u0119dzynarodowej Stacji Kosmicznej (ISS).<\/p>\n

Chocia\u017c satelity komunikacyjne staj\u0105 si\u0119 na og\u00f3\u0142 coraz wi\u0119ksze, nadal istnieje zapotrzebowanie na niewielk\u0105 rakiet\u0119 no\u015bn\u0105 do wynoszenia innych rodzaj\u00f3w satelit\u00f3w. Europa postanowi\u0142a zbudowa\u0107 w\u0142asn\u0105, niedrog\u0105 rakiet\u0119 na paliwo sta\u0142e o nazwie Vega. Rakieta ta mo\u017ce umieszcza\u0107 satelity o masie od 300 do 2000 kg na r\u00f3\u017cnych orbitach. Pierwszy start rakiety Vega z Kourou mia\u0142 miejsce 13 lutego 2012 r.<\/p>\n

Europa uzgodni\u0142a r\u00f3wnie\u017c z Rosj\u0105, \u017ce rakiety \u201eSojuz\u201d b\u0119d\u0105 wystrzeliwane z Kourou. Pierwsze wystrzelenie rakiety \u201eSojuz\u201d z Ameryki Po\u0142udniowej mia\u0142o miejsce 21 pa\u017adziernika 2011 r. \u201eSojuz\u201d to rakieta \u015bredniej wielko\u015bci, z kt\u00f3rej Rosja z powodzeniem korzysta od wielu lat. Satelity ESA, takie jak \u201eCluster\u201d i \u201eMars Express\u201d, by\u0142y wcze\u015bniej wynoszone przez rakiet\u0119 \u201eSojuz\u201d z kosmodromu Bajkonur w Kazachstanie. Z Bajkonuru startuj\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c za\u0142ogowe misje na Mi\u0119dzynarodow\u0105 Stacj\u0119 Kosmiczn\u0105 (ISS).<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rockets are used to launch satellites and Space Shuttles into space. Their powerful engines allow spacecraft to be blasted into space at incredible speeds, putting them into the correct orbit. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2002\/02\/artist_s_impression_of_an_ariane_5_eca2\/17864677-3-eng-GB\/Artist_s_impression_of_an_Ariane_5_ECA.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA-D. Ducros","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2002\/02\/Artist_s_impression_of_an_Ariane_5_ECA2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,41,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-633","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-rockets-technology","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=633"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1776,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633\/revisions\/1776"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=633"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=633"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}