{"id":491,"date":"2011-01-24T13:33:00","date_gmt":"2011-01-24T12:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/black_holes\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:28:49","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:28:49","slug":"black_holes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/black_holes\/","title":{"rendered":"Czarne dziury"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"lede\">\n<p>Czarne dziury to najdziwniejsze obiekty we Wszech\u015bwiecie. Czarna dziura nie ma powierzchni, takiej jak planeta czy gwiazda. Jest to natomiast obszar przestrzeni, w kt\u00f3rym materia zapad\u0142a si\u0119 do wewn\u0105trz. To katastrofalne zapadni\u0119cie si\u0119 powoduje, \u017ce ogromna masa skupia si\u0119 na niewiarygodnie ma\u0142ej powierzchni. Si\u0142a grawitacyjna tego obszaru jest tak wielka, \u017ce nic nie jest w stanie si\u0119 z niego wydosta\u0107 \u2013 nawet \u015bwiat\u0142o.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Chocia\u017c czarnych dziur nie da si\u0119 zobaczy\u0107, wiemy o ich istnieniu dzi\u0119ki temu, jak oddzia\u0142uj\u0105 na znajduj\u0105cy si\u0119 w pobli\u017cu py\u0142, gwiazdy i galaktyki. Wiele z nich otoczonych jest dyskami materii. Gdy dyski te wiruj\u0105 wok\u00f3\u0142 nich niczym wir wodny, nagrzewaj\u0105 si\u0119 do ekstremalnie wysokich temperatur i emituj\u0105 promieniowanie rentgenowskie.<\/p>\n<p>Czarne dziury wyst\u0119puj\u0105 w wielu r\u00f3\u017cnych rozmiarach. Wiele z nich ma mas\u0119 zaledwie kilkakrotnie wi\u0119ksz\u0105 od S\u0142o\u0144ca. Te czarne dziury o \u2018masie gwiazdowej\u2019 powstaj\u0105, gdy ci\u0119\u017cka gwiazda, oko\u0142o 10 razy ci\u0119\u017csza od S\u0142o\u0144ca, ko\u0144czy sw\u00f3j \u017cywot w wyniku wybuchu supernowej. To, co pozostaje z gwiazdy \u2013 wci\u0105\u017c kilka mas S\u0142o\u0144ca \u2013 zapada si\u0119 do obszaru o \u015brednicy zaledwie kilku kilometr\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p>Wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 galaktyk, w tym Droga Mleczna, ma w swoich centrach supermasywne czarne dziury. Mog\u0105 one by\u0107 miliony lub miliardy razy ci\u0119\u017csze od naszego S\u0142o\u0144ca. Supermasywne czarne dziury zasilaj\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c aktywne galaktyki oraz pradawne galaktyki znane jako kwazary. Kwazary mog\u0105 by\u0107 setki razy ja\u015bniejsze nawet od najwi\u0119kszych zwyk\u0142ych galaktyk.<\/p>\n<p>Obiekty wpadaj\u0105ce do czarnych dziur s\u0105 dos\u0142ownie rozci\u0105gane a\u017c do granicy wytrzyma\u0142o\u015bci. Astronauta, kt\u00f3ry zbli\u017cy\u0142by si\u0119 zbyt blisko i zosta\u0142 wci\u0105gni\u0119ty do czarnej dziury, zosta\u0142by rozerwany na strz\u0119py przez pot\u0119\u017cn\u0105 grawitacj\u0119.<\/p>\n<nav class=\"related\" aria-label=\"Powi\u0105zane\">\n<h2 class=\"related__heading\">Powi\u0105zane<\/h2>\n<div class=\"grid related__grid\">\n<div class=\"grid-item\">\n<article class=\"card focuson agency\"><a class=\"card__link\" href=\"\/pl\/sorte_huller\/\"><\/p>\n<figure class=\"thumbnail\"><span class=\"dimmer\"><\/span><\/figure>\n<header class=\"entry\">\n<h3 class=\"heading\">du\u0144ski<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<p><\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-item\">\n<article class=\"card focuson agency\"><a class=\"card__link\" href=\"\/pl\/zwarte_gaten\/\"><\/p>\n<figure class=\"thumbnail\"><span class=\"dimmer\"><\/span><\/figure>\n<header class=\"entry\">\n<h3 class=\"heading\">Holenderski<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<p><\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-item\">\n<article class=\"card focuson agency\"><a class=\"card__link\" href=\"\/pl\/schwarze_loecher\/\"><\/p>\n<figure class=\"thumbnail\"><span class=\"dimmer\"><\/span><\/figure>\n<header class=\"entry\">\n<h3 class=\"heading\">niemiecki<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<p><\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-item\">\n<article class=\"card focuson agency\"><a class=\"card__link\" href=\"\/pl\/svarte_hull\/\"><\/p>\n<figure class=\"thumbnail\"><span class=\"dimmer\"><\/span><\/figure>\n<header class=\"entry\">\n<h3 class=\"heading\">norweski<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<p><\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-item\">\n<article class=\"card focuson agency\"><a class=\"card__link\" href=\"\/pl\/czarne_dziury\/\"><\/p>\n<figure class=\"thumbnail\"><span class=\"dimmer\"><\/span><\/figure>\n<header class=\"entry\">\n<h3 class=\"heading\">polski<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<p><\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"grid-item\">\n<article class=\"card focuson agency\"><a class=\"card__link\" href=\"\/pl\/svarta_haal\/\"><\/p>\n<figure class=\"thumbnail\"><span class=\"dimmer\"><\/span><\/figure>\n<header class=\"entry\">\n<h3 class=\"heading\">szwedzki<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<p><\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/nav>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Black holes are the strangest objects in the Universe. A black hole does not have a surface, like a planet or star. Instead, it is a region of space where [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2003\/04\/a_black_hole_and_companion_star_with_supernova2\/17902678-2-eng-GB\/A_black_hole_and_companion_star_with_supernova.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA, NASA and Felix Mirabel (French Atomic Energy Commission & the Institute for Astronomy and Space Physics\/Conicet of Argentina)","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2003\/04\/A_black_hole_and_companion_star_with_supernova2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,11,19],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-491","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-our-universe","category-story-of-the-universe","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/491","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=491"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/491\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1634,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/491\/revisions\/1634"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=491"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=491"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=491"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=491"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=491"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=491"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=491"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=491"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=491"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=491"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}