{"id":838,"date":"2004-12-02T15:43:00","date_gmt":"2004-12-02T14:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/spaceplanes\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:32:50","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:32:50","slug":"spaceplanes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/spaceplanes\/","title":{"rendered":"Les avions spatiaux"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Il existe diff\u00e9rentes fa\u00e7ons de lancer et de faire voler des engins spatiaux r\u00e9utilisables.<\/p>\n

La navette spatiale utilise ses propres moteurs, ainsi que deux puissants propulseurs \u00e0 propergol solide, pour d\u00e9coller. On parle parfois de \u2018 mise en orbite en une seule \u00e9tape \u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Avec les v\u00e9hicules spatiaux du type de la Navette spatiale se pose le probl\u00e8me du poids suppl\u00e9mentaire d\u00fb au carburant et aux moteurs fus\u00e9e. En tout \u00e9tat de cause, la Navette est oblig\u00e9e de revenir sur Terre \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re d\u2019un planeur. Elle n\u2019a pas de turbor\u00e9acteurs et ne peut pas effectuer un deuxi\u00e8me passage pour se poser si elle manque la piste d\u2019atterrissage.<\/p>\n

Une des fa\u00e7ons de r\u00e9duire le poids du vaisseau est de le faire transporter par un autre lanceur pendant une partie du trajet. Par exemple, un gros avion peut transporter un avion spatial jusqu\u2019\u00e0 une altitude de 10km. Une fois aux limites sup\u00e9rieures de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, l\u2019avion spatial se s\u00e9pare du porteur.<\/p>\n

On peut \u00e9galement utiliser un lanceur pour mettre en orbite un vaisseau spatial r\u00e9utilisable. Au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990, l\u2019ESA a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la possibilit\u00e9 de lancer un petit avion spatial baptis\u00e9 Hermes depuis le sommet du lanceur Ariane-5.<\/p>\n

Une autre fa\u00e7on d\u2019\u00e9conomiser du poids pourrait \u00eatre d\u2019avoir recours \u00e0 des moteurs de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration qui utiliseraient l\u2019air de notre atmosph\u00e8re pendant la premi\u00e8re partie de l\u2019ascension. Ce n\u2019est que lorsque le v\u00e9hicule spatial atteindrait l\u2019espace extra-terrestre qu\u2019il passerait en mode de propulsion normal aliment\u00e9 par l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne embarqu\u00e9. Cependant il faudra attendre encore longtemps avant que des moteurs de ce type soient utilisables.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

There are various ways to launch and fly reusable spacecraft. The Space Shuttle uses its own engines, together with two powerful solid rocket boosters, to get off the ground. This […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2004\/12\/future_launchers5\/18249547-2-eng-GB\/Future_launchers.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA-C. VIJOUX","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2004\/12\/Future_launchers5","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,41,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-838","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-rockets-technology","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/838","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=838"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/838\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1981,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/838\/revisions\/1981"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=838"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=838"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}