{"id":805,"date":"2011-07-05T08:12:00","date_gmt":"2011-07-05T06:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/communications\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:32:27","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:32:27","slug":"communications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/communications\/","title":{"rendered":"Communications"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Les fans de la s\u00e9rie t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9e des ann\u00e9es 1960 Star Trek<\/i> ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9merveill\u00e9s en voyant le capitaine Kirk ouvrir un minuscule t\u00e9l\u00e9phone portable pour parler \u00e0 l'\u00e9quipage de son vaisseau spatial. Aujourd\u2019hui, les t\u00e9l\u00e9phones portables ne rel\u00e8vent plus de la science-fiction. O\u00f9 que vous alliez sur Terre, des r\u00e9gions polaires au milieu de l\u2019oc\u00e9an, il est possible de rester en contact par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone. Avec les derniers mod\u00e8les, il est \u00e9galement possible d\u2019envoyer des e-mails et de naviguer sur Internet.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Cette r\u00e9volution de la communication a pu \u00eatre possible gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019introduction de la technologie des satellites. Jusqu\u2019au milieu des ann\u00e9es 60, les messages t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques transitaient par des c\u00e2bles et des liaisons radio terrestres. Cependant, le nombre de messages pouvant \u00eatre trait\u00e9s \u00e9tait limit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Puis, arriv\u00e8rent les premiers satellites de communication. Flottant en orbite g\u00e9ostationnaire \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de 36 000 km au-dessus de l\u2019\u00e9quateur, ces satellites pouvaient fonctionner sans avoir \u00e0 d\u00e9ployer un r\u00e9seau on\u00e9reux de transmetteurs et de c\u00e2bles. Ils parvenaient \u00e0 mettre en relation des interlocuteurs situ\u00e9s de part et d\u2019autre d\u2019un oc\u00e9an ou d\u2019une cha\u00eene de montagne. Early Bird, lanc\u00e9 en 1965, pouvait traiter 240 appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques en m\u00eame temps. Aujourd\u2019hui, un gros satellite de communications est capable de traiter des centaines de milliers d\u2019appels t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques.<\/p>\n

Une autre r\u00e9volution a eu lieu il y a quelques ann\u00e9es, avec l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de flottes de petits satellites plac\u00e9s en orbite basse ou moyenne au-dessus de la Terre. Avec des douzaines d\u2019entre eux survolant diff\u00e9rentes trajectoires, il y a toujours des satellites au-dessus de nous capables de recevoir des appels \u00e9mis depuis des syst\u00e8mes mobiles. Chaque appel est alors envoy\u00e9 \u00e0 une station \u00ab passerelle \u00bb au sol, qui achemine l\u2019appel au destinataire. Ces satellites servent \u00e9galement au suivi des personnes, \u00e0 l\u2019envoi de messages et au rep\u00e9rage d\u2019urgence.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fans of the 1960s TV series Star Trek were amazed when they saw Captain Kirk flip open a tiny hand-help phone to speak to the crew of his starship. Today, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2010\/10\/hylas-1_serving_europe2\/17876924-2-eng-GB\/Hylas-1_serving_Europe.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2010\/10\/Hylas-1_serving_Europe2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,54,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-805","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-space-technologies-on-earth","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/805","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=805"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/805\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1948,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/805\/revisions\/1948"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=805"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=805"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=805"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}