{"id":637,"date":"2013-10-16T09:57:00","date_gmt":"2013-10-16T07:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/herschel_esa_s_supercool_heat_seeker\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:30:34","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:30:34","slug":"herschel_esa_s_supercool_heat_seeker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/herschel_esa_s_supercool_heat_seeker\/","title":{"rendered":"Herschel de l\u2019ESA : un chercheur de chaleur \u00e0 t\u00eate froide"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"lede\">\n<p>Le 14 mai 2009, deux des observatoires spatiaux les plus sensibles jamais con\u00e7us ont \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9s depuis le port spatial de l\u2019Europe \u00e0 Kourou, en Guyane fran\u00e7aise. C\u2019est une fus\u00e9e Ariane 5 qui a assur\u00e9 le lancement d\u2019Herschel, le t\u00e9lescope spatial infrarouge le plus puissant au monde, et de Planck, con\u00e7u pour \u00e9tudier le faible rayonnement \u00e9mis dans tout l\u2019Univers imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s le Big Bang.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Avec ses 7 m\u00e8tres de longueur et ses 4,7 m\u00e8tres de largeur, sans oublier un poids total de 3,25 tonnes, l\u2019observatoire spatial Herschel de l\u2019ESA voyait les choses en grand. Son t\u00e9lescope \u00e9tait \u00e9quip\u00e9 d\u2019un miroir principal de 3,5 m\u00e8tres, le plus grand jamais construit pour un satellite scientifique.<\/p>\n<p>L'observatoire a \u00e9t\u00e9 baptis\u00e9 en l'honneur d'un autre g\u00e9ant de la science, l'astronome amateur et musicien allemand William Herschel, qui a d\u00e9couvert la plan\u00e8te Uranus en 1781. Dix-neuf ans plus tard, il a \u00e9galement d\u00e9couvert une forme de lumi\u00e8re invisible que les scientifiques appellent \u201c rayonnement infrarouge \u201d. On l'appelle souvent simplement \u201c chaleur \u201d.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" data-width=\"1500\" data-credit=\"ESA\/Herschel\/PACS\/SPIRE\/J.Fritz, U.Gent\/XMM-Newton\/EPIC\/W. Pietsch, MPE\" data-detail-url=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2011\/01\/Andromeda_Galaxy_in_infrared_and_X-rays2\" data-licence=\"ESA Standard Licence\" data-licence-url=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Terms_and_conditions_of_use_of_images_and_videos_available_on_the_esa_website\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2011\/01\/andromeda_galaxy_in_infrared_and_x-rays2\/17912481-2-eng-GB\/Andromeda_Galaxy_in_infrared_and_X-rays.jpg\" alt=\"Andromeda Galaxy in infrared and X-rays\"><\/figure>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s son lancement, l\u2019observatoire Herschel a \u00e9t\u00e9 plac\u00e9 sur une orbite sp\u00e9ciale \u00e0 1,5 million de kilom\u00e8tres de la Terre, suffisamment loin pour \u00e9viter tout probl\u00e8me d\u2019interf\u00e9rence thermique avec notre plan\u00e8te. Ses trois instruments \u00e9taient refroidis \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00e9lium liquide pour maintenir leur temp\u00e9rature pr\u00e8s du z\u00e9ro absolu (-273\u00b0C).<\/p>\n<p>Herschel a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour \u00e9tudier l\u2019Univers \u2018 froid \u2019. Ses \u2018 yeux \u2019 hyperfroids ont permis de voir \u00e0 travers les nuages de poussi\u00e8re afin d\u2019\u00e9tudier les r\u00e9gions de formation stellaire et les centres galactiques, ainsi que de d\u00e9tecter des \u00e9toiles et des plan\u00e8tes cach\u00e9es. Il a \u00e9galement permis de rep\u00e9rer des galaxies lointaines afin d\u2019apporter un nouvel \u00e9clairage sur leur formation, il y a des milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>La mission scientifique r\u00e9volutionnaire d\u2019Herschel a pris fin le 29 avril 2013, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9puisement de son liquide de refroidissement. Le satellite a ensuite effectu\u00e9 toute une s\u00e9rie de tests orbitaux avant sa commande finale de d\u00e9sactivation le 17 juin 2013.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On 14 May 2009, two of the most sensitive space observatories ever built were launched from Kourou in French Guiana. On board Europe\u2019s Ariane 5 rocket were Herschel, the world\u2019s [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2011\/05\/herschel_under_discussion2\/17880624-2-eng-GB\/Herschel_under_discussion.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA - C. 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