{"id":633,"date":"2004-12-02T15:58:00","date_gmt":"2004-12-02T14:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/european_rockets\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:30:31","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:30:31","slug":"european_rockets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/european_rockets\/","title":{"rendered":"Les lanceurs europ\u00e9ens"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Les fus\u00e9es servent \u00e0 lancer des satellites et des navettes spatiales dans l'espace. Leurs puissants moteurs permettent de propulser les engins spatiaux dans l'espace \u00e0 des vitesses incroyables, afin de les placer sur la bonne orbite. La famille de fus\u00e9es la plus importante d'Europe est celle des Ariane. Depuis 1979, cinq types principaux de fus\u00e9es Ariane ont d\u00e9coll\u00e9 de Kourou, le port spatial europ\u00e9en situ\u00e9 en Guyane fran\u00e7aise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

La version basique d\u2019Ariane 5, baptis\u00e9e Ariane 5 G\u00e9n\u00e9rique, a fait son premier vol en 1997. Pesant 750 tonnes au d\u00e9collage, elle pouvait embarquer et placer en orbite deux satellites d\u2019un poids total de plus de six tonnes.<\/p>\n

Afin de concurrencer les gros lanceurs d\u2019autres pays, des versions plus puissantes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es. Ariane 5 ECA peut ainsi actuellement emporter jusqu\u2019\u00e0 10 tonnes en orbite. Cette capacit\u00e9 d\u2019emport sera augment\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019avenir. Une autre version, d\u00e9nomm\u00e9e Ariane 5 ES, peut envoyer les v\u00e9hicules de transfert automatique (ATV) de l\u2019ESA en orbite basse de la Terre. Gr\u00e2ce aux fus\u00e9es Ariane, ces engins de 19 tonnes commencent leur voyage vers la Station spatiale internationale (ISS).<\/p>\n

M\u00eame si les satellites de communication sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de plus en plus gros, il n\u2019en demeure pas moins n\u00e9cessaire de disposer d\u2019un petit lanceur pour mettre en orbite d\u2019autres types de satellites. L\u2019Europe a donc d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de construire Vega, un lanceur peu co\u00fbteux \u00e0 propergol solide. Celui-ci peut placer des satellites de 300 \u00e0 2 000 kilos sur diff\u00e9rentes orbites. Le premier lancement de Vega a eu lieu le 13 f\u00e9vrier 2012.<\/p>\n

Suite \u00e0 un accord entre l\u2019Europe et la Russie, les fus\u00e9es Soyouz d\u00e9collent elles aussi de Kourou. Le premier lancement sud-am\u00e9ricain de Soyouz a eu lieu le 21 octobre 2011. Les fus\u00e9es Soyouz sont des lanceurs de taille moyenne qui ont fait leurs preuves en Russie pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es. Ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, des satellites de l\u2019ESA comme Cluster et Mars Express ont \u00e9t\u00e9 plac\u00e9s en orbite par ce type de lanceur. Ce dernier sert \u00e9galement au lancement de missions habit\u00e9es et d\u2019\u00e9quipages \u00e0 destination de la Station spatiale internationale depuis le cosmodrome de Ba\u00efkonour, au Kazakhstan.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rockets are used to launch satellites and Space Shuttles into space. Their powerful engines allow spacecraft to be blasted into space at incredible speeds, putting them into the correct orbit. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2002\/02\/artist_s_impression_of_an_ariane_5_eca2\/17864677-3-eng-GB\/Artist_s_impression_of_an_Ariane_5_ECA.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA-D. Ducros","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2002\/02\/Artist_s_impression_of_an_Ariane_5_ECA2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,41,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-633","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-rockets-technology","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=633"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1776,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633\/revisions\/1776"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=633"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=633"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}