{"id":188,"date":"2021-12-02T12:48:07","date_gmt":"2021-12-02T11:48:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/xmm-newton_esa_s_multi-mirror_x-ray_detector2\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:25:16","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:25:16","slug":"xmm-newton_esa_s_multi-mirror_x-ray_detector2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/xmm-newton_esa_s_multi-mirror_x-ray_detector2\/","title":{"rendered":"XMM-Newton de l'ESA : d\u00e9tecteur multi-miroirs \u00e0 rayons X"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"lede\">\n<p>L'observatoire \u00e0 rayons X XMM-Newton de l'ESA est le plus grand observatoire spatial jamais construit en Europe. Pesant 3,8 tonnes au lancement, cet engin spatial mesure 10 m\u00e8tres de long et 16 m\u00e8tres de large, en comptant ses deux panneaux solaires. Ses miroirs ultra-fins recouverts d\u2019or captent les rayons X \u00e0 haute \u00e9nergie provenant de toutes les parties de l\u2019Univers, et ses cam\u00e9ras sensibles ont une capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9tection bien sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de tous les satellites \u00e0 rayons X pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Par ailleurs, ses cam\u00e9ras \u00e0 haute sensibilit\u00e9 sont beaucoup plus puissantes que celles des satellites \u00e0 rayons X de g\u00e9n\u00e9ration pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente. XMM-Newton a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9 par une fus\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne Ariane 5 le 10 d\u00e9cembre 1999. Plac\u00e9 sur une orbite elliptique inhabituelle de 48 heures, son altitude varie entre 7 000 kilom\u00e8tres et 114 000 kilom\u00e8tres. Sa mission, initialement d\u00e9nomm\u00e9e XMM en raison de ses multi-miroirs \u00e0 rayons X, a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 rebaptis\u00e9e XMM-Newton en l\u2019honneur du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre scientifique britannique Sir Isaac Newton.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" data-width=\"1200\" data-credit=\"ESA (Image by C. Carreau)\" data-detail-url=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2009\/05\/Supermassive_black_hole2\" data-licence=\"ESA Standard Licence\" data-licence-url=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Terms_and_conditions_of_use_of_images_and_videos_available_on_the_esa_website\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2009\/05\/supermassive_black_hole2\/17877257-2-eng-GB\/Supermassive_black_hole.jpg\" alt=\"Supermassive black hole\"><\/figure>\n<p>M\u00eame si la dur\u00e9e de sa mission initiale n\u2019\u00e9tait que de deux ans, l\u2019observatoire XMM-Newton est toujours en pleine possession de ses moyens. Son temps de service a \u00e9t\u00e9 allong\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fin d\u2019ann\u00e9e 2014, au moins. Depuis son lancement, cet observatoire a brillamment permis d\u2019\u00e9tudier toutes sortes d\u2019objets c\u00e9lestes : des com\u00e8tes et plan\u00e8tes de notre syst\u00e8me solaire aux grands trous noirs et explosions d\u2019\u00e9toiles aux confins de l\u2019Univers. En 14 ann\u00e9es de fonctionnement, XMM-Newton a d\u00e9tect\u00e9 plus d\u2019un demi-million de sources de rayons X, soit deux fois que ce que nous connaissions avant sa mise en service.<\/p>\n<p>C\u2019est la conception avanc\u00e9e de l\u2019observatoire qui lui a permis de r\u00e9aliser un si grand nombre de d\u00e9couvertes. Les rayons X traversant les miroirs traditionnels, XMM-Newton a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9quip\u00e9 de trois t\u00e9lescopes cylindriques comprenant un total de 58 miroirs incurv\u00e9s et interconnect\u00e9s. La structure de ces miroirs permet de rediriger les rayons X d\u00e9tect\u00e9s par l\u2019observatoire vers deux types d\u2019instruments dot\u00e9s de capteurs CCD, identiques \u00e0 ceux des appareils photo num\u00e9riques modernes. Pour terminer, un syst\u00e8me de cam\u00e9ra optique permet aux astronomes de localiser leurs cibles avec une pr\u00e9cision maximale.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ESA&#8217;s XMM-Newton X-ray observatory is the biggest space observatory ever built in Europe. Weighing 3.8 tonnes at launch, the spacecraft is 10 metres long and measures 16 metres across its [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2010\/03\/xmm-newton2\/17903196-2-eng-GB\/XMM-Newton.jpg","esa_banner_description":"XMM-Newton","esa_banner_credit":"ESA (Image by C. 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