{"id":1140,"date":"2004-11-19T09:43:00","date_gmt":"2004-11-19T08:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/sailing_through_space\/"},"modified":"2026-10-09T11:30:53","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T09:30:53","slug":"sailing_through_space","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/sailing_through_space\/","title":{"rendered":"Navigation spatiale"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, la quasi-totalit\u00e9 des missions spatiales ont utilis\u00e9 des moteurs-fus\u00e9es fonctionnant avec du carburant chimique. Malheureusement, ceux-ci ne sont pas tr\u00e8s efficaces. Par exemple, plus de la moiti\u00e9 de la masse au lancement de la sonde Rosetta de l\u2019ESA \u00e9tait constitu\u00e9e de carburant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

L'ESA \u00e9tudie actuellement des moyens de r\u00e9duire la quantit\u00e9 de carburant embarqu\u00e9e. L'une des pistes envisag\u00e9es est le moteur ionique, qui utilise un \u2018 canon \u2019 \u00e9lectrique pour propulser du gaz dans l'espace.<\/p>\n

Bien que la pouss\u00e9e vers l'avant du moteur soit tr\u00e8s faible, celui-ci prend progressivement de la vitesse. \u00c0 terme, il permet \u00e0 un vaisseau spatial de se d\u00e9placer tr\u00e8s rapidement.<\/p>\n

\"Artist's
Repr\u00e9sentation artistique de SMART-1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Un moteur ionique a \u00e9t\u00e9 essay\u00e9 avec succ\u00e8s par SMART-1 dans son trajet vers la Lune. Le moteur a produit une pouss\u00e9e par kilo de carburant utilis\u00e9 10 fois sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle obtenue avec un moteur fus\u00e9e classique.<\/p>\n

L'ESA \u00e9tudie aussi un engin spatial utilisant des voiles solaires plut\u00f4t que des moteurs. Les rayons solaires frappant une grande voile comparable \u00e0 un miroir permettent de pousser un engin spatial vers d'autres plan\u00e8tes. Apr\u00e8s plusieurs mois, ce type d'engin pourrait atteindre une vitesse de 360 000 km\/h.<\/p>\n

Une autre fa\u00e7on d'\u00e9conomiser du carburant et de r\u00e9duire le poids consiste \u00e0 ralentir en traversant l'atmosph\u00e8re sup\u00e9rieure d'une plan\u00e8te. L'ESA pr\u00e9voit de construire un vaisseau spatial qui se mettra en orbite autour de Mars en utilisant cette m\u00e9thode dite d\u2018\u2019 a\u00e9rocapture \u00bb.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Until now, nearly all space missions have used rocket motors that feed on chemical fuel. Unfortunately, these are not very efficient. For example, over half the launch weight of ESA’s […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2003\/04\/close-up_view_of_smart-1_s_stationary_plasma_thruster2\/17900310-2-eng-GB\/Close-up_view_of_SMART-1_s_stationary_plasma_thruster.jpg","esa_banner_description":"Close-up view of SMART-1's stationary plasma thruster","esa_banner_credit":"ESA 2002. Illustration by Medialab.","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2003\/04\/Close-up_view_of_SMART-1_s_stationary_plasma_thruster2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,44,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-1140","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-spacecraft","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1140","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1140"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1140\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4867,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1140\/revisions\/4867"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1140"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1140"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1140"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=1140"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=1140"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=1140"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=1140"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=1140"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=1140"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=1140"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}