{"id":1092,"date":"2009-04-06T09:32:00","date_gmt":"2009-04-06T07:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/esa_s_space_observatories_to_explore_the_early_universe\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:35:56","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:35:56","slug":"esa_s_space_observatories_to_explore_the_early_universe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/esa_s_space_observatories_to_explore_the_early_universe\/","title":{"rendered":"Deux observatoires spatiaux de l'ESA charg\u00e9s de percer les myst\u00e8res de l'univers"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"lede\">\n<p>Les astronomes du monde entier attendent avec impatience le lancement d'une fus\u00e9e Ariane 5 qui transportera \u00e0 son bord deux satellites r\u00e9volutionnaires de l'ESA, portant le nom de c\u00e9l\u00e8bres scientifiques europ\u00e9ens : Planck et Herschel. Compar\u00e9s \u00e0 des machines \u00e0 remonter le temps du 21\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, ces observatoires spatiaux dernier cri aideront les scientifiques \u00e0 lever le voile sur les myst\u00e8res qui entourent la naissance des \u00e9toiles, des galaxies et de l'univers lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Herschel sera le plus grand t\u00e9lescope jamais lanc\u00e9 dans l'espace. Il est \u00e9quip\u00e9 d'un miroir principal de 3,5 m de diam\u00e8tre, bien plus grand mais plus l\u00e9ger que celui du t\u00e9lescope spatial Hubble. Cet observatoire de 3,4 tonnes porte le nom d\u2019un astronome germano-britannique, William Herschel, qui est entr\u00e9 dans l\u2019histoire en d\u00e9couvrant, en 1800, la lumi\u00e8re infrarouge invisible (que nous percevons sous forme de chaleur). Les trois instruments embarqu\u00e9s \u00e0 bord du Herschel moderne passeront au moins trois ans \u00e0 \u00e9tudier les nuages de poussi\u00e8re froide, o\u00f9 naissent les \u00e9toiles, ainsi que les galaxies lointaines qui brillent intens\u00e9ment dans l'infrarouge.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" data-width=\"2068\" data-credit=\"ESA\/Thales\" data-detail-url=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2009\/03\/Planck_telescope2\" data-licence=\"ESA Standard Licence\" data-licence-url=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Terms_and_conditions_of_use_of_images_and_videos_available_on_the_esa_website\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2009\/03\/planck_telescope2\/17872743-2-eng-GB\/Planck_telescope.jpg\" alt=\"Planck telescope\"><figcaption>T\u00e9lescope Planck<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Outre Herschel, un autre satellite sera charg\u00e9 de remonter jusqu'\u00e0 la nuit des temps. Baptis\u00e9 Planck en l'honneur du physicien allemand Max Planck, le satellite de 1 900 kg \u00e9tudiera les faibles \u00e9chos qui continuent de retentir depuis la naissance de l'univers lors du Big Bang. Ces \u00e9chos r\u00e9v\u00e8lent des variations thermiques de l'ordre de quelques millioni\u00e8mes de degr\u00e9. Afin de d\u00e9tecter et de cartographier ce rayonnement micro-onde invisible, les deux d\u00e9tecteurs de Planck devront \u00eatre super-refroidis pour atteindre une temp\u00e9rature de -273 degr\u00e9s Celsius. Au cours d'une p\u00e9riode d'environ 15 mois, le miroir principal de 1,5 m captera le rayonnement extr\u00eamement faible qui a entam\u00e9 son p\u00e9riple vers la Terre il y a environ 14 milliards d'ann\u00e9es.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Astronomers around the world are eagerly awaiting the launch of an Ariane 5 rocket carrying two groundbreaking ESA satellites named after famous European scientists: Planck and Herschel. Like 21st century [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2009\/03\/artist_concept_of_the_herschel_spacecraft2\/17878959-2-eng-GB\/Artist_concept_of_the_Herschel_spacecraft.jpg","esa_banner_description":"Artist concept of the Herschel spacecraft","esa_banner_credit":"ESA \u2013 D. Ducros, 2009","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2009\/03\/Artist_concept_of_the_Herschel_spacecraft2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,11,21],"tags":[],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-1092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-our-universe","category-stars-and-galaxies"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1092","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1092"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1092\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4849,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1092\/revisions\/4849"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1092"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1092"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1092"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=1092"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=1092"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=1092"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=1092"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=1092"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=1092"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=1092"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}