{"id":188,"date":"2021-12-02T12:48:07","date_gmt":"2021-12-02T11:48:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/xmm-newton_esa_s_multi-mirror_x-ray_detector2\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:25:16","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:25:16","slug":"xmm-newton_esa_s_multi-mirror_x-ray_detector2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/xmm-newton_esa_s_multi-mirror_x-ray_detector2\/","title":{"rendered":"XMM-Newton: ESA:n monipeilinen r\u00f6ntgenilmaisin"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

ESAn XMM-Newton-r\u00f6ntgenobservatorio on Euroopassa koskaan rakennettu suurin avaruusobservatorio. Laukaisun yhteydess\u00e4 3,8 tonnia painava avaruusalus on 10 metri\u00e4 pitk\u00e4, ja sen kahden aurinkopaneelin v\u00e4linen leveys on 16 metri\u00e4. Sen ohuet, kullatut peilit ker\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4t korkeaenergisi\u00e4 r\u00f6ntgens\u00e4teit\u00e4 kaikkialta maailmankaikkeudesta, ja sen herk\u00e4t kamerat pystyv\u00e4t havaitsemaan paljon enemm\u00e4n kuin mik\u00e4\u00e4n aiempi r\u00f6ntgensatelliitti.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

XMM-Newton laukaistiin eurooppalaisella Ariane 5 -raketilla 10. joulukuuta 1999. Se sijoitettiin ep\u00e4tavalliseen 48 tunnin kiertoradalle Maan ymp\u00e4ri, jonka korkeus vaihteli 7 000 km:n ja 114 000 km:n v\u00e4lill\u00e4. Teht\u00e4v\u00e4 tunnettiin alun perin nimell\u00e4 XMM sen X-ray Multi-Mirror -rakenteen mukaan. Nimi muutettiin my\u00f6hemmin XMM-Newtoniksi kuuluisan brittil\u00e4isen tiedemiehen Sir Isaac Newtonin kunniaksi.<\/p>\n

\"Supermassive<\/figure>\n

Vaikka XMM-Newtonin alkuper\u00e4inen toimintakausi oli kaksi vuotta, se on edelleen hyv\u00e4ss\u00e4 kunnossa. T\u00e4m\u00e4 merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4 observatorio on tutkinut kaikenlaisia kohteita, aurinkokuntamme komeetoista ja planeetoista aina supermassiivisiin mustiin aukkoihin ja r\u00e4j\u00e4ht\u00e4viin t\u00e4htiin maailmankaikkeuden kaukaisimmissa kolkissa. 14 toimintavuoden aikana se on havainnut yli puoli miljoonaa r\u00f6ntgenl\u00e4hdett\u00e4, mik\u00e4 on kaksi kertaa enemm\u00e4n kuin aiemmin tiedettiin.<\/p>\n

N\u00e4m\u00e4 l\u00f6yd\u00f6t ovat olleet mahdollisia observatorion edistyksellisen rakenteen ansiosta. Koska r\u00f6ntgens\u00e4teet l\u00e4p\u00e4isev\u00e4t tavalliset peilit suoraan, jokainen XMM:n kolmesta tynnyrim\u00e4isest\u00e4 teleskoopista koostuu 58 kaarevasta peilist\u00e4, jotka on sijoitettu toisiinsa sis\u00e4kk\u00e4in. Saapuvat r\u00f6ntgens\u00e4teet heijastuvat n\u00e4iden peilien pinnoilta, jolloin ne lopulta fokusoituvat kahdentyyppisiin laitteisiin, jotka on varustettu CCD-ilmaisimilla (samanlaisilla kuin digitaalikameroissa). Optisen kameran avulla t\u00e4htitieteilij\u00e4t voivat paikantaa kohteensa tarkasti.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ESA’s XMM-Newton X-ray observatory is the biggest space observatory ever built in Europe. Weighing 3.8 tonnes at launch, the spacecraft is 10 metres long and measures 16 metres across its […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2010\/03\/xmm-newton2\/17903196-2-eng-GB\/XMM-Newton.jpg","esa_banner_description":"XMM-Newton","esa_banner_credit":"ESA (Image by C. Carreau)","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2010\/03\/XMM-Newton2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,44,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-188","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-spacecraft","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/188","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=188"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/188\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4348,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/188\/revisions\/4348"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=188"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/fi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=188"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}