{"id":931,"date":"2004-11-15T14:32:00","date_gmt":"2004-11-15T13:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/dwarfs_and_supergiants\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:33:54","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:33:54","slug":"dwarfs_and_supergiants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/dwarfs_and_supergiants\/","title":{"rendered":"Trpasl\u00edci a superob\u0159i"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Slunce je hv\u011bzda. Stejn\u011b jako v\u011bt\u0161ina hv\u011bzd je i Slunce koule velmi hork\u00e9ho plynu, kter\u00e1 vyza\u0159uje obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed sv\u011btla, tepla a jin\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Toto z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i jadern\u00fdch reakc\u00edch v j\u00e1dru. Je to, jako by ka\u017edou vte\u0159inu vybuchovaly miliony vod\u00edkov\u00fdch bomb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Existuje mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f hv\u011bzd. \u010cerven\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy jsou nejchladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, s povrchovou teplotou kolem 2500 stup\u0148\u016f Celsia. Modrob\u00edl\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy jsou nej\u017ehav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a dosahuj\u00ed \u017ehav\u00e9
40 000 stup\u0148\u016f. \u017dlut\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy, jako je Slunce, se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed n\u011bkde uprost\u0159ed, s povrchovou teplotou kolem 5 500 stup\u0148\u016f.<\/p>\n

Hv\u011bzdy maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 velikosti. Slunce je st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00e9. Sv\u016fj vod\u00edkov\u00fd palivov\u00fd z\u00e1sobn\u00edk spaluje pom\u011brn\u011b pomalu, tak\u017ee m\u016f\u017ee sv\u00edtit po dobu 10 miliard let. N\u011bkter\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy jsou mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a \u017ehav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Slunce. \u010cerven\u00fd superobr Antares je 800kr\u00e1t \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Slunce. Kdyby se nach\u00e1zel ve st\u0159edu na\u0161\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy, pohltil by v\u0161echny vnit\u0159n\u00ed planety, v\u010detn\u011b Zem\u011b. Stejn\u011b jako auta s vysokou spot\u0159ebou paliva i tyto superobry velmi rychle spot\u0159ebuj\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9 sv\u00e9 z\u00e1soby vod\u00edku a helia. Po asi 500 milionech let zaniknou v explozi supernovy.<\/p>\n

Nejchladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hv\u011bzdy s nejpomalej\u0161\u00edm ho\u0159en\u00edm jsou \u010derven\u00e9 trpasl\u00edky. Ty mohou p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt v\u00edce ne\u017e 10 bilion\u016f (10 000 miliard) let. Je\u0161t\u011b chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a men\u0161\u00ed jsou hn\u011bd\u00e9 trpasl\u00edky. Jedn\u00e1 se o \u2018ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy\u2019. Jsou tak chladn\u00e9 \u2013 n\u011bkdy maj\u00ed na povrchu teplotu jen n\u011bkolik set stup\u0148\u016f \u2013, \u017ee v jejich j\u00e1drech nikdy nedojde k zap\u00e1len\u00ed jadern\u00e9 reakce.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Sun is a star. Like most stars, the Sun is a ball of very hot gas that gives off huge amounts of light, heat and other radiation. This radiation […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2000\/09\/the_tycho_supernova2\/17865860-3-eng-GB\/The_Tycho_supernova.jpg","esa_banner_description":"The Tycho supernova","esa_banner_credit":"ESA","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2000\/09\/The_Tycho_supernova2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,11,21],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-931","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-our-universe","category-stars-and-galaxies","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/931","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=931"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/931\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2074,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/931\/revisions\/2074"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=931"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=931"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=931"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}