{"id":838,"date":"2004-12-02T15:43:00","date_gmt":"2004-12-02T14:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/spaceplanes\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:32:50","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:32:50","slug":"spaceplanes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/spaceplanes\/","title":{"rendered":"Kosmick\u00e9 letouny"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Existuje \u0159ada zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak vypustit a \u0159\u00eddit opakovan\u011b pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 kosmick\u00e9 lod\u011b.<\/p>\n

Raketopl\u00e1n vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k vzletu sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed motory spolu se dv\u011bma v\u00fdkonn\u00fdmi pomocn\u00fdmi raketami na tuh\u00e9 palivo. Tento zp\u016fsob se n\u011bkdy ozna\u010duje jako \u2018jednostup\u0148ov\u00fd let na ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Jedn\u00edm z probl\u00e9m\u016f kosmick\u00fdch lod\u00ed typu Space Shuttle je hmotnost, kterou p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 palivo a raketov\u00e9 motory. I p\u0159esto se Shuttle mus\u00ed vracet na Zemi jako kluz\u00e1k. Nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 tryskov\u00e9 motory a pokud mine p\u0159ist\u00e1vac\u00ed dr\u00e1hu, nem\u016f\u017ee se vr\u00e1tit a pokusit se o druh\u00fd p\u0159ist\u00e1vac\u00ed man\u00e9vr.<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm ze zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak zmen\u0161it rozm\u011bry kosmick\u00e9 lodi, je nechat ji \u010d\u00e1st cesty p\u0159epravit na z\u00e1dech jin\u00e9ho dopravn\u00edho prost\u0159edku. Nap\u0159\u00edklad velk\u00e9 letadlo m\u016f\u017ee dopravit kosmickou lo\u010f do v\u00fd\u0161ky 10 km. Jakmile se kosmick\u00e1 lo\u010f ocitne nad v\u011bt\u0161inu atmosf\u00e9ry, je uvoln\u011bna.<\/p>\n

Raketu lze rovn\u011b\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edt k vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed opakovan\u011b pou\u017eiteln\u00e9ho kosmick\u00e9ho plavidla. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let 20. stolet\u00ed ESA zkoumala mo\u017enost vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed mal\u00e9ho kosmick\u00e9ho letounu s n\u00e1zvem Hermes na vrcholu nosn\u00e9 rakety Ariane-5.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak sn\u00ed\u017eit hmotnost, by mohlo b\u00fdt pou\u017eit\u00ed motor\u016f nov\u00e9 generace, kter\u00e9 by v prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi stoup\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvaly vzduch z na\u0161\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry. Teprve a\u017e by se vozidlo dostalo do vesm\u00edru, p\u0159e\u0161lo by na raketov\u00fd pohon vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed kysl\u00edk z palubn\u00edch z\u00e1sob. K zaveden\u00ed takov\u00fdch motor\u016f v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b zb\u00fdv\u00e1 mnoho let.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

There are various ways to launch and fly reusable spacecraft. The Space Shuttle uses its own engines, together with two powerful solid rocket boosters, to get off the ground. This […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2004\/12\/future_launchers5\/18249547-2-eng-GB\/Future_launchers.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA-C. VIJOUX","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2004\/12\/Future_launchers5","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,41,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-838","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-rockets-technology","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/838","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=838"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/838\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1981,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/838\/revisions\/1981"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=838"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=838"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=838"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}