{"id":831,"date":"2004-12-02T15:33:00","date_gmt":"2004-12-02T14:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/all_shapes_and_sizes\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:32:46","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:32:46","slug":"all_shapes_and_sizes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/all_shapes_and_sizes\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u0161echny tvary a velikosti"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Kosmick\u00e1 lo\u010f je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ur\u010den\u00e9 k vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed do vesm\u00edru. Lze je vyu\u017e\u00edvat k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed Zem\u011b, ke komunikaci, k navigaci a k pr\u016fzkumu vesm\u00edru. Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 kosmick\u00e9 lod\u011b, kter\u00e9 p\u0159epravuj\u00ed lidi do vesm\u00edru \u2013 ty se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u2018pilotovan\u00e9 kosmick\u00e9 lod\u011b\u2019 \u2013 a dal\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dopravuj\u00ed z\u00e1soby pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 stanice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee ve vesm\u00edru nen\u00ed vzduch, m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt kosmick\u00e1 lo\u010f v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b jak\u00fdkoli tvar. V\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem je jej\u00ed velikost. Kosmick\u00e1 lo\u010f se mus\u00ed vej\u00edt do aerodynamick\u00e9ho krytu rakety a raketa mus\u00ed m\u00edt dostate\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdkon, aby ji vynesla na ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu. Prvn\u00ed satelit na sv\u011bt\u011b, nazvan\u00fd Sputnik, v\u00e1\u017eil 83,6 kg a nebyl v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e basketbalov\u00fd m\u00ed\u010d. Dnes mohou komunika\u010dn\u00ed satelity v\u00e1\u017eit v\u00edce ne\u017e 6 tun (6 000 kg).<\/p>\n

Moduly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 k v\u00fdstavb\u011b vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch stanic jsou je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. 20tunov\u00e9 plavidlo ATV (Automated Transfer Vehicle) agentury ESA dok\u00e1\u017ee dopravit na Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vesm\u00edrnou stanici a\u017e 9 tun n\u00e1kladu a experiment\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tvar kosmick\u00e9 lodi z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na tom, zda se ve vesm\u00edru ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed, \u010di nikoli.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 dru\u017eice, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Meteosat, se ot\u00e1\u010dej\u00ed a maj\u00ed tvar v\u00e1lce. V\u011bt\u0161ina dne\u0161n\u00edch dru\u017eic m\u00e1 tvar krabice a neot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed se. Jejich palubn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje, jako jsou kamery, sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasu stejn\u00fdm sm\u011brem.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 jsou vybaveny velk\u00fdmi sol\u00e1rn\u00edmi \u2018k\u0159\u00eddly\u2019 (sol\u00e1rn\u00edmi panely, kter\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed sv\u011btlo na elekt\u0159inu), kter\u00e1 se ot\u00e1\u010dej\u00ed tak, aby v\u017edy sm\u011b\u0159ovala ke Slunci. Mal\u00e9 satelity maj\u00ed \u010dasto ploch\u00e9 sol\u00e1rn\u00ed panely na v\u0161ech \u010dty\u0159ech stran\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ist\u00e1vac\u00ed moduly jsou jin\u00e9. Mus\u00ed odol\u00e1vat extr\u00e9mn\u00edmu \u017e\u00e1ru, kdy\u017e se vysokou rychlost\u00ed sn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed vzduchem. Nap\u0159\u00edklad sonda Huygens agentury ESA, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ist\u00e1la na Titanu, m\u011bla tvar tal\u00ed\u0159e s tepeln\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtem sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edm dop\u0159edu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A spacecraft is a machine designed to be put into space. They can be used for observing the Earth, communication, navigation and space exploration. There are also spacecraft that carry […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2003\/12\/the_atv_and_progress_spacecraft_use_solar_arrays_the_apollo_spacecraft_makes_use_of_fuel_cells2\/18248696-2-eng-GB\/The_ATV_and_Progress_spacecraft_use_solar_arrays_the_Apollo_spacecraft_makes_use_of_fuel_cells.jpg","esa_banner_description":"The ATV and Progress spacecraft use solar arrays, the Apollo spacecraft makes use of fuel cells","esa_banner_credit":"ESA\/D.Ducros","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2003\/12\/The_ATV_and_Progress_spacecraft_use_solar_arrays_the_Apollo_spacecraft_makes_use_of_fuel_cells2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,44,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-spacecraft","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/831","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=831"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/831\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1974,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/831\/revisions\/1974"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=831"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=831"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=831"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}