{"id":8,"date":"2026-05-13T17:04:53","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T15:04:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/exoplanets_hunting\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:23:02","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:23:02","slug":"exoplanets_hunting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/exoplanets_hunting\/","title":{"rendered":"Hled\u00e1n\u00ed exoplanet"},"content":{"rendered":"

U\u017e jste n\u011bkdy vyrazili na lov\u2026 planet? <\/h2>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 to zn\u00ed podivn\u011b, ale astronomov\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b to d\u011blaj\u00ed! Po stalet\u00ed jsme si mysleli, \u017ee osm planet v na\u0161\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b je v\u0161e, co existuje. V posledn\u00edch n\u011bkolika desetilet\u00edch v\u0161ak v\u011bdci objevili tis\u00edce sv\u011bt\u016f ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch kolem vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch hv\u011bzd. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se jim extrasol\u00e1rn\u00ed planety, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b exoplanety, a jsou mnohem b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e jsme si kdysi dok\u00e1zali p\u0159edstavit. Hled\u00e1n\u00ed planet je\u0161t\u011b neskon\u010dilo, ale teprve za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1!\u00a0<\/p>\n

Objevov\u00e1n\u00ed exoplanet je v\u0161ak opravdovou v\u00fdzvou. Jsou mal\u00e9, tmav\u00e9 a je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nemo\u017en\u00e9 je spat\u0159it i pomoc\u00ed t\u011bch nejv\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dalekohled\u016f. Astronomov\u00e9 proto vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u0159adu d\u016fmysln\u00fdch trik\u016f a sleduj\u00ed stopy a vzorce, aby tyto vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 sv\u011bty odhalili.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trik \u010d. 1: Objevte planetu pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed <\/h2>\n

Prvn\u00edm a nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1padem je prost\u011b vyfotit planetu. Tato metoda se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed.\u00a0<\/p>\n

To se snadn\u011bji \u0159ekne, ne\u017e ud\u011bl\u00e1! Sv\u011btlo hv\u011bzdy m\u016f\u017ee snadno p\u0159ehlu\u0161it slab\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed jak\u00e9koli planety v jej\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti. Aby tento probl\u00e9m p\u0159ekonali, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed astronomov\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00e9 blokuj\u00ed jasn\u00e9 hv\u011bzdn\u00e9 sv\u011btlo a odhaluj\u00ed tak slab\u011b z\u00e1\u0159\u00edc\u00ed planety na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze. Tento trik funguje nejl\u00e9pe u velmi velk\u00fdch planet, kter\u00e9 ob\u00edhaj\u00ed daleko od sv\u00fdch hv\u011bzd. Tyto sv\u011bty odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed v\u00edce sv\u011btla a jsou dostate\u010dn\u011b daleko, aby je bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 odli\u0161it od osl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho sv\u011btla hv\u011bzdy.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli metoda p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159inesla n\u011bkolik p\u016fsobiv\u00fdch objev\u016f, funguje pouze u mal\u00e9ho po\u010dtu planet\u00e1rn\u00edch soustav.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trik \u010d. 2: Hledejte kol\u00edsaj\u00edc\u00ed hv\u011bzdy pomoc\u00ed radi\u00e1ln\u00ed rychlosti <\/h2>\n

Stejn\u011b jako skute\u010dn\u00fd lovec n\u011bkdy nevid\u00edte sv\u016fj c\u00edl, a proto mus\u00edte m\u00edsto toho hledat stopy v okol\u00ed. Hv\u011bzdy mohou zanech\u00e1vat n\u00e1znaky toho, \u017ee za sebou skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed planetu. Jednou z t\u011bchto stop je to, \u017ee se hv\u011bzda k\u00fdve!\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e planeta ob\u00edh\u00e1 kolem hv\u011bzdy, jej\u00ed gravitace p\u016fsob\u00ed i na hv\u011bzdu, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee se hv\u011bzda ve vesm\u00edru k\u00fdve. V\u011bdeck\u00fd n\u00e1zev pro tento jev je radi\u00e1ln\u00ed rychlost.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tento pohyb jeice velmi nepatrn\u00fd, ale pomoc\u00ed citliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f je mo\u017en\u00e9 zachytit chv\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed se hv\u011bzdy, a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem i n\u00e1znaky, \u017ee by se tam mohly nach\u00e1zet i exoplanety!\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Hubble
Hubble poprv\u00e9 objevil vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ru na exoplanet\u011b v obyvateln\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Trik \u010d. 3: Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn polohy pomoc\u00ed astrometrie <\/h2>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak odhalit hv\u011bzdy, kter\u00e9 se pohybuj\u00ed podivn\u011b (a kolem nich\u017e by tedy mohly ob\u00edhat exoplanety), je pe\u010dliv\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed polohy hv\u011bzdy na obloze.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Hv\u011bzda s planetou se vesm\u00edrem nepohybuje po dokonale p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze, ale pod vlivem gravita\u010dn\u00edho p\u016fsoben\u00ed planety opisuje nepatrnou, klikatou dr\u00e1hu. Je to, jako by hv\u011bzda a jej\u00ed planety p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bly kosmick\u00fd tanec!\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tato technika se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 astrometrie a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ji mise Gaia agentury ESA. \u010c\u00edm je planeta v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a \u010d\u00edm je d\u00e1le od hv\u011bzdy, t\u00edm sn\u00e1ze ji lze pomoc\u00ed astrometrie objevit.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trik \u010d. 4: Sledujte st\u00edny pomoc\u00ed metody tranzitu <\/h2>\n

N\u011bkdy lovec nevid\u00ed sv\u016fj c\u00edl, ale jeho st\u00edn! Pokud z na\u0161eho pohledu planeta p\u0159ejde p\u0159ed svou hv\u011bzdou, zablokuje malou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u011btla. Tomuto jevu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 tranzit. Hv\u011bzda se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt m\u00edrn\u011b slab\u0161\u00ed, ale jakmile se planeta posune z dr\u00e1hy, vr\u00e1t\u00ed se k norm\u00e1ln\u00ed jasnosti.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tranzity je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 pozorovat, proto\u017ee zm\u011bna intenzity sv\u011btla je velmi nepatrn\u00e1, ale speci\u00e1ln\u00ed dalekohledy ur\u010den\u00e9 k hled\u00e1n\u00ed planet, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad mise Plato agentury ESA, si s t\u00edmto \u00fakolem porad\u00ed velmi dob\u0159e! Plato dok\u00e1\u017ee dokonce objevit exoplanety podobn\u00e9 Zemi ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed kolem hv\u011bzd podobn\u00fdch na\u0161emu Slunci, i kdy\u017e jsou tyto planety pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00e9 a tedy nezakr\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho sv\u011btla!\u00a0<\/p>\n

Lovci exoplanet mus\u00ed b\u00fdt trp\u011bliv\u00ed a \u010dekat m\u011bs\u00edce \u010di dokonce roky, ne\u017e zaznamenaj\u00ed opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se vzorec ztmavov\u00e1n\u00ed hv\u011bzdy. Mise ESA s n\u00e1zvem Plato je navr\u017eena tak, aby sou\u010dasn\u011b sledovala tis\u00edce hv\u011bzd a hledala tyto opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se sign\u00e1ly. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed m\u00edry ztmavnut\u00ed sv\u011btla a \u010detnosti tranzit\u016f mohou astronomov\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed dat z mise Plato ur\u010dit velikost a ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu planety.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Honba pokra\u010duje!<\/h2>\n

D\u00edky t\u011bmto metod\u00e1m objevili astronomov\u00e9 tis\u00edce exoplanet, kter\u00e9 odhaluj\u00ed pozoruhodnou rozmanitost sv\u011bt\u016f. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich jsou obrovsk\u00e9 plynn\u00e9 obry ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed bl\u00edzko sv\u00fdch hv\u011bzd. Jin\u00e9 jsou zamrzl\u00e9 planety, kter\u00e9 se vzn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed daleko od sv\u00fdch hv\u011bzd. N\u011bkolik z nich se mo\u017en\u00e1 dokonce nach\u00e1z\u00ed v oblastech kolem sv\u00fdch hv\u011bzd, kde je teplota pr\u00e1v\u011b takov\u00e1, aby tam mohla existovat kapaln\u00e1 voda!\u00a0<\/p>\n

A to je teprve za\u010d\u00e1tek. Mnoho planet je\u0161t\u011b \u010dek\u00e1 na objeven\u00ed \u2013 jsou skryt\u00e9 ve sv\u011btle sv\u00fdch hv\u011bzd nebo \u010dekaj\u00ed na vhodnou techniku, kter\u00e1 je odhal\u00ed. Mo\u017en\u00e1 je jedna z t\u011bchto planet podobn\u00e1 Zemi a mohla by dokonce b\u00fdt domovem \u017eivota. Cht\u011bli byste pomoci takovou planetu naj\u00edt?\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Artist's
Um\u011bleck\u00e1 p\u0159edstava exoplanety Kepler 16 b<\/figcaption><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Have you ever gone hunting\u2026 for planets? It might sound strange, but astronomers are doing exactly that! For centuries, we thought the eight planets in our Solar System were all […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2019\/02\/exoplanet_imaginarium\/19220032-1-eng-GB\/Exoplanet_imaginarium.jpg","esa_banner_description":"Exoplanet imaginarium","esa_banner_credit":"ESA","esa_banner_licence":"CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO or ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2019\/02\/Exoplanet_imaginarium","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,11,12],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-8","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-our-universe","category-planets-and-moons","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4255,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8\/revisions\/4255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=8"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=8"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=8"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=8"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=8"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=8"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=8"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}