{"id":633,"date":"2004-12-02T15:58:00","date_gmt":"2004-12-02T14:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/european_rockets\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:30:31","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:30:31","slug":"european_rockets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/european_rockets\/","title":{"rendered":"Evropsk\u00e9 rakety"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Rakety se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k vyn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed satelit\u016f a raketopl\u00e1n\u016f do vesm\u00edru. Jejich v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 motory umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed vyst\u0159elit kosmick\u00e9 lod\u011b do vesm\u00edru neuv\u011b\u0159itelnou rychlost\u00ed a uv\u00e9st je na spr\u00e1vnou ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu. Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed evropskou rodinou raket je Ariane. Od roku 1979 odstartovalo z Kourou, evropsk\u00e9ho kosmodromu ve Francouzsk\u00e9 Guyan\u011b, p\u011bt hlavn\u00edch typ\u016f raket Ariane.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed verze rakety Ariane-5, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 Ariane-5 Generic, absolvovala sv\u016fj prvn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd let v roce 1997. P\u0159i startu v\u00e1\u017eila 750 tun. Byla schopna vyn\u00e9st na ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu dva satelity o celkov\u00e9 hmotnosti v\u00edce ne\u017e \u0161est tun.<\/p>\n

Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 konkurovat velk\u00fdm nosn\u00fdm raket\u00e1m z jin\u00fdch zem\u00ed, byly vyvinuty v\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verze rakety Ariane 5. Raketa Ariane-5 ECA dok\u00e1\u017ee vyn\u00e9st na ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu a\u017e 10 tun a v budoucnu bude schopna vyn\u00e9st je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce. Dal\u0161\u00ed verze, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 Ariane-5 ES, vyn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed 19tunov\u00e1 automatick\u00e1 transportn\u00ed plavidla (ATV) na n\u00edzkou ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu Zem\u011b, odkud za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed svou cestu k Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 stanici (ISS).<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli se komunika\u010dn\u00ed satelity obecn\u011b zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00ed, st\u00e1le existuje pot\u0159eba mal\u00e9 nosn\u00e9 rakety pro vyn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed jin\u00fdch typ\u016f satelit\u016f. Evropa se rozhodla vyvinout vlastn\u00ed n\u00edzkon\u00e1kladovou raketu na tuh\u00e9 palivo s n\u00e1zvem Vega. Tato raketa dok\u00e1\u017ee vyn\u00e1\u0161et satelity o hmotnosti 300 a\u017e 2000 kg na r\u016fzn\u00e9 ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy. Prvn\u00ed start rakety Vega z Kourou se uskute\u010dnil 13. \u00fanora 2012.<\/p>\n

Evropa se tak\u00e9 s Ruskem dohodla na startu rakety Sojuz z Kourou. Prvn\u00ed start rakety Sojuz z Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky se uskute\u010dnil 21. \u0159\u00edjna 2011. Sojuz je raketa st\u0159edn\u00ed velikosti, kterou Rusko ji\u017e mnoho let \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1. Satelity ESA, jako jsou Cluster a Mars Express, byly d\u0159\u00edve vypu\u0161t\u011bny raketou Sojuz z kosmodromu Bajkonur v Kazachst\u00e1nu. Z Bajkonuru se tak\u00e9 vypou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed pilotovan\u00e9 mise k Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 stanici (ISS).<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rockets are used to launch satellites and Space Shuttles into space. Their powerful engines allow spacecraft to be blasted into space at incredible speeds, putting them into the correct orbit. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2002\/02\/artist_s_impression_of_an_ariane_5_eca2\/17864677-3-eng-GB\/Artist_s_impression_of_an_Ariane_5_ECA.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA-D. Ducros","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2002\/02\/Artist_s_impression_of_an_Ariane_5_ECA2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,41,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-633","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-rockets-technology","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=633"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1776,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633\/revisions\/1776"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=633"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=633"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}