{"id":311,"date":"2011-01-25T15:14:00","date_gmt":"2011-01-25T14:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/satellites\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:26:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:26:43","slug":"satellites","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/satellites\/","title":{"rendered":"Satelity"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

V astronomii se satelitem rozum\u00ed t\u011bleso, kter\u00e9 ob\u00edh\u00e1 kolem planety. V na\u0161\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed n\u011bkolik set p\u0159irozen\u00fdch satelit\u016f, neboli m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Od roku 1957 bylo nav\u00edc vypu\u0161t\u011bno tis\u00edce um\u011bl\u00fdch (\u010dlov\u011bkem vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch) satelit\u016f. Ty maj\u00ed mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch vyu\u017eit\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b po\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u00edmk\u016f Slunce, Zem\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch planet a pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br, vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch hv\u011bzd a galaxi\u00ed hluboko ve vesm\u00edru. Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 komunika\u010dn\u00ed satelity, meteorologick\u00e9 satelity a Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vesm\u00edrn\u00e1 stanice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Prvn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e1 dru\u017eice, Sputnik 1, byla vypu\u0161t\u011bna v roce 1957. Byla velmi jednoduch\u00e1. Jednalo se o malou hlin\u00edkovou kouli, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o velikosti pl\u00e1\u017eov\u00e9ho m\u00ed\u010de, se \u010dty\u0159mi dlouh\u00fdmi ant\u00e9nami, kter\u00e1 byla nap\u00e1jena bateriemi. Uvnit\u0159 Sputniku se nach\u00e1zely r\u00e1diov\u00e9 vys\u00edla\u010de, kter\u00e9 vys\u00edlaly charakteristick\u00fd zvuk \u201ep\u00edp, p\u00edp\u201c, kter\u00fd byl sly\u0161et po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9to mal\u00e9 a jednoduch\u00e9 dru\u017eice znamenalo za\u010d\u00e1tek vesm\u00edrn\u00e9ho v\u011bku.<\/p>\n

Modern\u00ed satelity jsou mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina satelit\u016f je navr\u017eena tak, aby byla co nejpevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejleh\u010d\u00ed. Vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed se podle stejn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladn\u00edho modelu. Platforma zvan\u00e1 \u201ebus\u201c obsahuje v\u0161echny hlavn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, v\u010detn\u011b bateri\u00ed, po\u010d\u00edta\u010de a tryskov\u00fdch motor\u016f. K t\u00e9to platform\u011b jsou p\u0159ipojeny ant\u00e9ny, sol\u00e1rn\u00ed panely a p\u0159\u00edstroje u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed (jako jsou kamery, dalekohledy a komunika\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed).<\/p>\n

Satelity se mus\u00ed samy nap\u00e1jet. K tomu se obvykle vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed velk\u00e1 sol\u00e1rn\u00ed pole (k\u0159\u00eddla) pokryt\u00e1 sv\u011btlocitliv\u00fdmi sol\u00e1rn\u00edmi \u010dl\u00e1nky. Tato pole jsou dlouh\u00e1 mnoho metr\u016f a p\u0159i startu je nutn\u00e9 je slo\u017eit. Sol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed n\u011bkolik kilowatt\u016f energie, i kdy\u017e s postupuj\u00edc\u00edm st\u00e1rnut\u00edm kles\u00e1 jejich \u00fa\u010dinnost. V\u011bt\u0161inu panel\u016f lze ot\u00e1\u010det tak, aby zachyt\u00e1valy co nejv\u00edce slune\u010dn\u00edho sv\u011btla. Kdy\u017e se satelit ocitne ve st\u00ednu, \u010derp\u00e1 energii z dob\u00edjec\u00edch bateri\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Strana satelitu obr\u00e1cen\u00e1 ke Slunci se velmi zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1, zat\u00edmco strana ve st\u00ednu se velmi ochlazuje. To p\u0159edstavuje probl\u00e9m, proto\u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina satelitn\u00edho vybaven\u00ed je citliv\u00e1 na extr\u00e9mn\u00ed teplo nebo chlad. Mezi zp\u016fsoby ochrany p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed vrstven\u00fdch p\u0159ikr\u00fdvek, kter\u00e9 vypadaj\u00ed jako hlin\u00edkov\u00e1 f\u00f3lie a slou\u017e\u00ed k udr\u017een\u00ed tepla, a instalace chladi\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed teplo z elektrick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In astronomy, a satellite is an object that orbits (goes around) a planet. There are several hundred natural satellites, or moons, in our Solar System. Thousands of artificial (human-made) satellites […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2002\/02\/esa_s_artemis_satellite2\/17863937-3-eng-GB\/ESA_s_Artemis_satellite.jpg","esa_banner_description":"","esa_banner_credit":"ESA\/J.Huart","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2002\/02\/ESA_s_Artemis_satellite2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,54,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-311","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-space-technologies-on-earth","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1454,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311\/revisions\/1454"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}