{"id":188,"date":"2021-12-02T12:48:07","date_gmt":"2021-12-02T11:48:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/xmm-newton_esa_s_multi-mirror_x-ray_detector2\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:25:16","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:25:16","slug":"xmm-newton_esa_s_multi-mirror_x-ray_detector2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/xmm-newton_esa_s_multi-mirror_x-ray_detector2\/","title":{"rendered":"XMM-Newton: v\u00edcezrcadlov\u00fd rentgenov\u00fd detektor agentury ESA"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"lede\">\n<p>Rentgenov\u00e1 observato\u0159 XMM-Newton agentury ESA je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vesm\u00edrnou observato\u0159\u00ed, jak\u00e1 byla kdy v Evrop\u011b postavena. Sonda, jej\u00ed\u017e hmotnost p\u0159i startu \u010dinila 3,8 tuny, je dlouh\u00e1 10 metr\u016f a jej\u00ed rozp\u011bt\u00ed mezi ob\u011bma sol\u00e1rn\u00edmi panely \u010din\u00ed 16 metr\u016f. Jej\u00ed tenk\u00e9, zlatem pota\u017een\u00e9 zrcadla zachycuj\u00ed vysoce energetick\u00e9 rentgenov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed ze v\u0161ech kout\u016f vesm\u00edru a jej\u00ed citliv\u00e9 kamery dok\u00e1\u017eou zachytit mnohem v\u00edce ne\u017e jak\u00fdkoli p\u0159edchoz\u00ed rentgenov\u00fd satelit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Sonda XMM-Newton byla vypu\u0161t\u011bna evropskou raketou Ariane 5 dne 10. prosince 1999. Byla um\u00edst\u011bna na neobvyklou 48hodinovou ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu kolem Zem\u011b, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u00fd\u0161ka se pohybovala mezi 7 000 km a 114 000 km. Mise byla p\u016fvodn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e1 pod n\u00e1zvem XMM podle sv\u00e9 konstrukce s v\u00edce zrcadly pro rentgenov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed (X-ray Multi-Mirror). N\u00e1zev byl pozd\u011bji zm\u011bn\u011bn na XMM-Newton na po\u010dest slavn\u00e9ho britsk\u00e9ho v\u011bdce Sira Isaaca Newtona.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" data-width=\"1200\" data-credit=\"ESA (Image by C. Carreau)\" data-detail-url=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2009\/05\/Supermassive_black_hole2\" data-licence=\"ESA Standard Licence\" data-licence-url=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Terms_and_conditions_of_use_of_images_and_videos_available_on_the_esa_website\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2009\/05\/supermassive_black_hole2\/17877257-2-eng-GB\/Supermassive_black_hole.jpg\" alt=\"Supermassive black hole\"><\/figure>\n<p>A\u010dkoli jeho p\u016fvodn\u00ed mise m\u011bla trvat dva roky, sonda XMM-Newton je st\u00e1le v dobr\u00e9m stavu. Tato pozoruhodn\u00e1 observato\u0159 zkoumala nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed objekty, od komet a planet v na\u0161\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b a\u017e po supermasivn\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry a exploduj\u00edc\u00ed hv\u011bzdy v nejvzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edch koutech vesm\u00edru. B\u011bhem 14 let provozu zaznamenala v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u016fl milionu zdroj\u016f rentgenov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, co\u017e je dvakr\u00e1t v\u00edce, ne\u017e kolik jich bylo zn\u00e1mo dosud.<\/p>\n<p>Tyto objevy umo\u017enila pokro\u010dil\u00e1 konstrukce observato\u0159e. Jeliko\u017e rentgenov\u00e9 paprsky proch\u00e1zej\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi zrcadly p\u0159\u00edmo, skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se ka\u017ed\u00fd ze t\u0159\u00ed sudovit\u00fdch dalekohled\u016f observato\u0159e XMM z 58 zak\u0159iven\u00fdch zrcadel, kter\u00e1 jsou navz\u00e1jem vno\u0159ena do sebe. P\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed rentgenov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed od povrch\u016f t\u011bchto zrcadel, tak\u017ee je nakonec zaost\u0159eno na dva typy p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f vybaven\u00fdch CCD detektory (podobn\u00fdmi t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v digit\u00e1ln\u00edch fotoapar\u00e1tech). Optick\u00e1 kamera umo\u017e\u0148uje astronom\u016fm p\u0159esn\u011b lokalizovat jejich c\u00edle.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ESA&#8217;s XMM-Newton X-ray observatory is the biggest space observatory ever built in Europe. Weighing 3.8 tonnes at launch, the spacecraft is 10 metres long and measures 16 metres across its [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2010\/03\/xmm-newton2\/17903196-2-eng-GB\/XMM-Newton.jpg","esa_banner_description":"XMM-Newton","esa_banner_credit":"ESA (Image by C. Carreau)","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2010\/03\/XMM-Newton2","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,44,40],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-188","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-spacecraft","category-technology","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/188","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=188"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/188\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4348,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/188\/revisions\/4348"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=188"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=188"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=188"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}