{"id":182,"date":"2021-12-02T12:50:43","date_gmt":"2021-12-02T11:50:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/planets_and_moons_exoplanets\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:25:12","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:25:12","slug":"planets_and_moons_exoplanets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/planets_and_moons_exoplanets\/","title":{"rendered":"Exoplanety"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Tento Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustava<\/a> obsahuje osm planet ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch kolem na\u0161\u00ed hv\u011bzdy, Slunce<\/a>. V\u011bd\u011bli jste ale, \u017ee ve vesm\u00edru existuje je\u0161t\u011b mnohem, mnohem v\u00edce planet, kter\u00e9 ob\u00edhaj\u00ed kolem hv\u011bzdy<\/a> kter\u00e9 vid\u00edme v noci? \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se jim extrasol\u00e1rn\u00ed planety, zkr\u00e1cen\u011b exoplanety.<\/p>\n

Objevov\u00e1n\u00ed exoplanet je nesm\u00edrn\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9. Nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se tak daleko, \u017ee je nelze jednodu\u0161e spat\u0159it b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm dalekohledem. Nav\u00edc jsou ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s hv\u011bzdami, kolem nich\u017e ob\u00edhaj\u00ed, velmi mal\u00e9 a slab\u00e9. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee astronomov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed hled\u00e1n\u00edm exoplanet, mus\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat d\u016fmysln\u00e9 techniky!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Prvn\u00ed metoda, kterou astronomov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali k hled\u00e1n\u00ed exoplanet, se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 radi\u00e1ln\u00ed rychlost, ale m\u00e1 i jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ezd\u00edvku: \u201ekol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed hv\u011bzdy\u201c! Kdy\u017e planeta ob\u00edh\u00e1 kolem hv\u011bzdy, jej\u00ed gravitace<\/a> p\u016fsob\u00ed na hv\u011bzdu tak, \u017ee se z na\u0161eho pohledu zd\u00e1, jako by se hv\u011bzda ve vesm\u00edru kol\u00e9bala. Tento jev je sice nepatrn\u00fd, ale pomoc\u00ed velmi citliv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f je mo\u017en\u00e9 zachytit n\u011bkter\u00e9 exoplanety, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed kol\u00e9b\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch hv\u011bzd!<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasnosti je metoda tranzitu b\u011b\u017en\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvanou technikou detekce. Kdy\u017e exoplaneta proch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159ed svou hv\u011bzdou, m\u016f\u017ee zablokovat nepatrnou \u010d\u00e1st hv\u011bzdn\u00e9ho sv\u011btla. Tomuto jevu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 tranzit. Z na\u0161eho pohledu na Zemi se hv\u011bzda b\u011bhem tranzitu jev\u00ed o n\u011bco slab\u0161\u00ed a pot\u00e9 op\u011bt jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, jakmile planeta p\u0159estane blokovat sv\u011btlo. To je n\u00e1znak, \u017ee by se zde mohla nach\u00e1zet exoplaneta! Detekce tranzit\u016f je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, proto\u017ee zm\u011bna intenzity sv\u011btla je velmi mal\u00e1, ale speci\u00e1ln\u00ed dalekohledy ur\u010den\u00e9 k hled\u00e1n\u00ed planet, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad dalekohled ESA CoRoT<\/a> byly velmi \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9! ESA v roce 2019 CHEOPS<\/a> Tato mise rovn\u011b\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tranzitn\u00ed metodu.<\/p>\n

\"Transiting
Proch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed exoplaneta<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Astrometrie je dal\u0161\u00ed technikou, kterou bude vyu\u017e\u00edvat ESA v r\u00e1mci sv\u00e9ho projektu Gaia<\/a> \u00fakol. V noci m\u016f\u017eeme na obloze pozorovat hv\u011bzdy, jak se pohybuj\u00ed po ur\u010dit\u00fdch drah\u00e1ch, a dok\u00e1\u017eeme s mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou p\u0159esnost\u00ed p\u0159edpov\u00eddat jejich polohy na mnoho let dop\u0159edu. Pokud m\u00e1 hv\u011bzda planetu, bude se jej\u00ed pohyb m\u00edrn\u011b li\u0161it od o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9ho \u2013 jen nepatrn\u011b, ale pro misi Gaia to sta\u010d\u00ed!<\/p>\n

Toto jsou hlavn\u00ed metody detekce exoplanet, i kdy\u017e existuj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed. N\u011bkdy je dokonce mo\u017en\u00e9 po\u0159\u00eddit sn\u00edmky pomoc\u00ed profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch observato\u0159\u00ed \u2013 i kdy\u017e tyto sn\u00edmky vypadaj\u00ed velmi primitivn\u011b ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s fotografiemi, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme po\u0159\u00eddit z bl\u00edzk\u00fdch planet v na\u0161\u00ed vlastn\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b.<\/p>\n

\"Children
D\u011bti si p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed exoplanety<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

D\u00edky t\u011bmto technik\u00e1m se dosud poda\u0159ilo objevit tis\u00edce exoplanet a neust\u00e1le jich nach\u00e1z\u00edme dal\u0161\u00ed. Mohla by na n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich existovat forma \u017eivota? Mo\u017en\u00e1 dokonce inteligentn\u00ed bytosti<\/a> L\u00edb\u00ed se v\u00e1m to? Co si o tom mysl\u00edte?<\/p>\n

Pro ty, kdo se zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed o exoplanety, je to bezpochyby velmi vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed doba!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Solar System contains eight planets orbiting our local star, the Sun. But did you know that there are many, many more planets out there in space, orbiting the stars […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2019\/09\/hubble_finds_water_vapor_on_habitable-zone_exoplanet_for_the_first_time\/19700242-1-eng-GB\/Hubble_Finds_Water_Vapor_on_Habitable-Zone_Exoplanet_for_the_First_Time.jpg","esa_banner_description":"We do not yet have the technology to take detailed photos of exoplanets, but an artist created this picture of what one may look like. Copyright: ESA\/Hubble, M. Kornmesser","esa_banner_credit":"ESA\/Hubble, M. Kornmesser","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2019\/09\/Hubble_finds_water_vapor_on_habitable-zone_exoplanet_for_the_first_time","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,11,12],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-our-universe","category-planets-and-moons","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/182","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=182"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/182\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4346,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/182\/revisions\/4346"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=182"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=182"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}