{"id":17,"date":"2026-05-13T17:17:51","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T15:17:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/how_do_planets_and_solar_systems_form\/"},"modified":"2026-10-08T00:23:05","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T22:23:05","slug":"how_do_planets_and_solar_systems_form","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/how_do_planets_and_solar_systems_form\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak vznikaj\u00ed planety a slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ne\u017e vznikly sv\u011bty, oce\u00e1ny nebo dokonce pevn\u00e1 p\u016fda, existovalo n\u011bco mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b p\u016fsobiv\u00e9ho: oblak. Obrovsk\u00e1, chladn\u00e1 sm\u011bs plynu a prachu, kter\u00e1 se vzn\u00e1\u0161ela vesm\u00edrem. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 kontinenty, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u017eivot, jen nepatrn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice plovouc\u00ed ve tm\u011b. Z tohoto nen\u00e1padn\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku vznikaj\u00ed cel\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy!\u00a0<\/p>\n

Porozum\u011bn\u00ed tomu, jak k t\u00e9to prom\u011bn\u011b doch\u00e1z\u00ed, je kl\u00ed\u010dovou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu mise Plato agentury ESA. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm studia planet ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch kolem jin\u00fdch hv\u011bzd pom\u00e1h\u00e1 mise Plato v\u011bdc\u016fm sestavit nejen mapu planet v na\u0161\u00ed Galaxii, ale tak\u00e9 pochopit, jak vlastn\u011b vznikaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Krok prvn\u00ed: zrod\u00ed se hv\u011bzda <\/h2>\n

V\u0161echno za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 t\u00edm, \u017ee se \u010d\u00e1st obrovsk\u00e9ho mraku plynu a prachu zhrout\u00ed pod vlivem vlastn\u00ed gravitace. Jak se smr\u0161\u0165uje, to\u010d\u00ed se st\u00e1le rychleji a zplo\u0161\u0165uje se do tvaru disku, podobn\u011b jako t\u011bsto na pizzu, kter\u00e9 se to\u010d\u00ed ve vzduchu. Jakmile se ve st\u0159edu nahromad\u00ed dostatek hmoty, zap\u00e1l\u00ed se hv\u011bzda. Kolem n\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed disk plynu a prachu. Tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 protoplanet\u00e1rn\u00ed disk, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 disk, ve kter\u00e9m vznikaj\u00ed planety. Je to oblast kolem hv\u011bzdy, kde se rod\u00ed planety.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Krok druh\u00fd: od prachu k obl\u00e1zk\u016fm <\/h2>\n

Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku je disk zapln\u011bn mikroskopick\u00fdmi zrnky, men\u0161\u00edmi ne\u017e p\u00edsek. Ale tato zrnka nez\u016fstanou dlouho osam\u011bl\u00e1! Jemn\u011b se sr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed a slepuj\u00ed se dohromady, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed shluky. Prach se m\u011bn\u00ed v obl\u00e1zky a obl\u00e1zky d\u00e1le rostou.\u00a0<\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017ee se to zd\u00e1t pomal\u00e9, ale tento proces prob\u00edh\u00e1 v obrovsk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku a doch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159i n\u011bm k nes\u010detn\u00fdm sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1m najednou. Postupem \u010dasu se z t\u011bchto mal\u00fdch stavebn\u00edch kamen\u016f st\u00e1vaj\u00ed objekty o velikosti n\u011bkolika kilometr\u016f, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako planetesim\u00e1ly. Jsou jako prvn\u00ed \u201csem\u00ednka\u201d planet.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"From
Od obl\u00e1zk\u016f po planety<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Krok t\u0159et\u00ed: sr\u00e1\u017eky vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed sv\u011bty<\/h2>\n

Jakmile se vytvo\u0159\u00ed planetesim\u00e1ly, za\u010dne p\u0159evl\u00e1dat gravitace. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed t\u011blesa p\u0159itahuj\u00ed ta men\u0161\u00ed a sr\u00e1\u017eky se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed dramati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi. N\u011bkter\u00e1 se sraz\u00ed a spoj\u00ed se, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Jin\u00e1 se rozpadnou a jejich hmota se vr\u00e1t\u00ed zp\u011bt do syst\u00e9mu.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Tato chaotick\u00e1 f\u00e1ze vede ke vzniku planet\u00e1rn\u00edch embry\u00ed, co\u017e jsou t\u011blesa dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e1 na to, aby vykazovala v\u00fdznamnou gravitaci. Je\u0161t\u011b v\u0161ak nejde o plnohodnotn\u00e9 planety.\u00a0<\/p>\n

V pr\u016fb\u011bhu milion\u016f let se tato embrya neust\u00e1le sr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed a spojuj\u00ed, postupn\u011b si vykl\u00edzej\u00ed sv\u00e9 ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy a vyr\u016fstaj\u00ed v pln\u011b vyvinut\u00e9 planety. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed t\u011blesa rostou t\u00edm, \u017ee pohlcuj\u00ed ta men\u0161\u00ed, a\u017e nakonec z\u016fstane jen n\u011bkolik dominantn\u00edch planet. P\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed nejschopn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u2013 v planet\u00e1rn\u00edm stylu!<\/p>\n

Krok \u010dtvrt\u00fd: dosp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry<\/h2>\n

Jak planety rostou, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed se m\u011bnit. Skalnat\u00e9 planety, jako je Zem\u011b, si po obdob\u00ed opakovan\u00fdch dopad\u016f d\u00edky ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed pevn\u00fd povrch. Sou\u010dasn\u011b mohou plyny uvol\u0148ovan\u00e9 z jejich nitra prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sope\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti vytv\u00e1\u0159et atmosf\u00e9ru.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ve vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblastech slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy, kde je chladn\u011bji, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k n\u011b\u010demu jin\u00e9mu. Velk\u00e1 planet\u00e1rn\u00ed j\u00e1dra mohou shroma\u017e\u010fovat obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed plynu a prom\u011bnit se tak v plynn\u00e9 obry, jako jsou Jupiter a Saturn.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy \u010dasto obsahuj\u00ed sm\u011bsici r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f sv\u011bt\u016f: mal\u00e9 kamenn\u00e9 planety bl\u00ed\u017ee k hv\u011bzd\u011b a mohutn\u00e9 plynn\u00e9 obry. V\u0161echny tyto rozd\u00edly maj\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u016fvod v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch p\u016fvodn\u00edho disku.<\/p>\n

Ne v\u0161echny sol\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9my jsou stejn\u00e9 <\/h2>\n

Jedn\u00edm z nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch objev\u016f modern\u00ed astronomie je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee planet\u00e1rn\u00ed soustavy se mohou od t\u00e9 na\u0161\u00ed velmi li\u0161it. N\u011bkter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed ob\u0159\u00ed planety, kter\u00e9 ob\u00edhaj\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u011b bl\u00edzko sv\u00fdch hv\u011bzd. Jin\u00e9 mohou tvo\u0159it hust\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 soustavy mal\u00fdch skalnat\u00fdch sv\u011bt\u016f. Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u0161ak je, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 dokonce obsahuj\u00ed planety v obyvateln\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b, kde by podm\u00ednky mohly umo\u017e\u0148ovat existenci kapaln\u00e9 vody na povrchu planet.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Mise Plato m\u00e1 za c\u00edl tyto syst\u00e9my podrobn\u011b prozkoumat a pomoci v\u011bdc\u016fm pochopit nejen to, jak\u00e9 planety existuj\u00ed, ale i to, jak vznikly.<\/p>\n

\"Plato\u2019s
Plat\u00f3nova um\u011bleck\u00e1 p\u0159edstava<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Proces, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje \u010das <\/h2>\n

Je snadn\u00e9 si planety p\u0159edstavovat jako n\u011bco nem\u011bnn\u00e9ho, ve skute\u010dnosti jsou v\u0161ak v\u00fdsledkem dlouh\u00e9ho a k\u0159ehk\u00e9ho \u0159et\u011bzce ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Plynn\u00fd mrak se zhrout\u00ed, zap\u00e1l\u00ed se hv\u011bzda, prach se shlukuje a sr\u00e1\u017eky vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed sv\u011bty. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 f\u00e1ze navazuje na tu p\u0159edchoz\u00ed a odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 se tak pomalu, \u017ee by bylo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nemo\u017en\u00e9 tyto zm\u011bny zaznamenat v lidsk\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. Vznik planet se neodehr\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159es noc, ale trv\u00e1 des\u00edtky milion\u016f let a je utv\u00e1\u0159en gravitac\u00ed, pohybem a nes\u010detn\u00fdmi sr\u00e1\u017ekami.\u00a0<\/p>\n

I po sv\u00e9m vzniku se planety neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edjej\u00ed \u2013 m\u011bn\u00ed se jejich ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy, prom\u011b\u0148uje se jejich atmosf\u00e9ra a povrch je p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159en dopady. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, planet\u00e1rn\u00ed soustava nen\u00ed nikdy zcela hotov\u00e1. Pokud budou n\u011bkde v tomto \u0159et\u011bzci podm\u00ednky pr\u00e1v\u011b ty spr\u00e1vn\u00e9, m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout planeta podobn\u00e1 Zemi. C\u00edlem mise Plato je hledat planety podobn\u00e9 Zemi a pom\u016f\u017ee n\u00e1m zjistit, zda jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00e9, nebo zda je na\u0161e planeta mo\u017en\u00e1 jedine\u010dn\u00e1.\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Before there were worlds, oceans, or even solid ground, there was something far less impressive: a cloud. A vast, cold mixture of gas and dust drifting through space. No continents, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"esa_banner_image":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/var\/esa\/storage\/images\/esa_multimedia\/images\/2014\/02\/searching_for_exoplanetary_systems\/14282305-1-eng-GB\/Searching_for_exoplanetary_systems.jpg","esa_banner_description":"Searching for exoplanetary systems","esa_banner_credit":"ESA\u2013C. Carreau","esa_banner_licence":"ESA Standard Licence","esa_banner_detail_url":"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/ESA_Multimedia\/Images\/2014\/02\/Searching_for_exoplanetary_systems","esa_external_url":"","esa_external_new_window":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[10,11,12],"tags":[2],"panel":[],"language":[],"age":[],"duration":[],"resource_type":[],"audience":[],"wf_post_folders":[],"class_list":["post-17","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-learn","category-our-universe","category-planets-and-moons","tag-background-article"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4258,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17\/revisions\/4258"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"panel","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/panel?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/language?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"age","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/age?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"duration","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/duration?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"resource_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource_type?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"audience","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/audience?post=17"},{"taxonomy":"wf_post_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kids.esa.int\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_post_folders?post=17"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}